B- Growth and development Flashcards
Factors influencing growth and development
Physiological Development:
Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stages):
Psychosocial Development (Erikson’s Stages):
Moral and Spiritual Development
Denver Developmental Screening Test:
Used to assess developmental milestones in infants and young children, focusing on motor, language, social, and adaptive behaviors.
Role of the nurse at each developmental phase (health promotion strategies)
Infants: Prevent SIDS, address allergies, and promote immunizations.
School-aged children: Prevent obesity, address ADHD, and manage chronic illnesses.
Adolescents: Prevent substance abuse, educate on sexual health, and support mental well-being.
Older Adults: Promote vaccinations, manage chronic conditions, and encourage physical activity.
Assessment of the Older Adult using “SPICES”
Sleep disorders
Problems with eating
Incontinence,
Confusion
Evidence of falls
Skin breakdown
Nursing Interventions/goals of nursing intervention
- Provide patient and family education on normal development and prevention strategies.
- Collaborate with dietitians, physical therapists, and social workers to address specific needs.
- Ensure a safe environment, especially for older adults prone to falls.
Physiological Development across the life span:
Neonates (birth to 28 days): Reflexes develop; elimination processes begin; active crying and quiet alert states.
Infants (1 month to 1 year): Brain growth, motor skills, visual focus, teeth eruption, and weight tripling by 1 year.
Toddlers (1 to 3 years): Rapid brain and muscle growth, improved motor skills, bladder control begins, and language develops.
Preschoolers (3 to 6 years): Leaner bodies, fine motor skills (e.g., writing letters), and socialization increase.
School-aged children (6 to 12 years): Nervous system matures, height and weight increase steadily, and permanent teeth appear.
Adolescents (12 to 18 years): Puberty onset, muscle mass growth, and full adult size reached.
Older adults: Decline in organ efficiency, slower reflexes, and increased risk of chronic conditions.
Cognitive Development (Piaget’s Stages):
Sensorimotor (infants/toddlers): Object permanence and beginning problem-solving skills.
Preoperational (preschoolers): Egocentrism decreases; language becomes elaborate.
Concrete operational (school-aged): Logical thinking about concrete objects.
Formal operational (adolescents): Abstract reasoning and long-term goal setting
Psychosocial Development (Erikson’s Stages):
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): Developing basic trust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood): Gaining independence.
Initiative vs. Guilt (preschoolers): Exploring the world and building confidence.
Industry vs. Inferiority (school-aged): Learning new skills and self-identity.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescents): Establishing self-identity.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (adults): Contributing to family and society.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adults): Reflecting on life satisfaction.
Health concerns at various stages
Infants: Colic, failure to thrive, child maltreatment.
Adolescents: Injuries, STIs, and substance abuse.
Adults: Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
Older Adults: Dementia, falls, polypharmacy, and depression.
Myths concerning older adults (ageism) (slide 38)
- Are lonely and isolated.
- Have significant mental deterioration.
- Are uninterested in social or sexual activity.
- Cannot learn new things or adapt to change
Be familiar with the Physiological, psychological, and social changes in older adults
- Physiological: Decline in organ function, slower reflexes, sensory changes.
- Psychological: Self-concept remains stable, but may experience grief or role changes.
- Social: Adjusting to retirement, changes in family dynamics, and potential isolation.
Health Promotion for Older Adults (Slide 47)
Promote vaccinations and regular health screenings.
Encourage physical activity and balanced diets.
Educate on fall prevention and home safety.
Meaning of Polypharmacy
Use of multiple medications, increasing risks of drug interactions and side effects in older adults.
Teaching Strategies for Older Adults (slide 41)
- Use clear and concise communication.
- Incorporate visual aids and repeat key points.
- Tailor education to individual experiences and learning capacities.
Fall prevention/safety for older adults
- Assess home hazards (e.g., loose rugs, poor lighting).
- Encourage use of assistive devices (e.g., walkers, grab bars).
- Promote strength and balance exercises.
Be familiar with developmental tasks at each stage
- Infants: Trust vs. mistrust (Erikson).
- Toddlers: Autonomy vs. shame/doubt.
- Adolescents: Identity vs. role confusion.
- Adults: Generativity vs. stagnation.
- Older Adults: Ego integrity vs. despair
