(b) dement & kleitman

Question 1

psychology investigated

Answer 1

sleep, dreaming, ultradian rhythms

Question 2

dreams

Answer 2

sequence of images, emotions, thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Question 3

EOG

Answer 3

electrical recording of eye-movement patterns

2 electrodes near eye

Question 4

EEG

Answer 4

monitors the electrical activity of the brain associated with nerve and muscle activity

Question 5

nREM sleep stages (4)

Answer 5

Awake, Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3&4

Question 6

nREM - stage 1 (lasts 1-7 minutes)

Answer 6

• slower breathing and heart rate
• hypnagogic (falling/floating) sensations or hallucinations
• easily awakened

Question 7

nREM - stage 2 (approx. 20 minutes)

Answer 7

• decrease in breathing, heart rate, body temperature
• helps you process simple and complex motor skills
• not easily awakened

Question 8

nREM - stage 3&4

Answer 8

• deep sleep, extremely relaxed
• heart rate, respiration, body temp, blood flow to brain - reduced
• growth hormone secreted
• for body maintenance & restoration
• disorientation & confusion on waking

Question 9

ultradian rhythms

Answer 9

biological rhythms which repeay more frequently than once a day

Question 10

do u sleep in nREM or REM sleep stages

Answer 10

REM

Question 11

REM sleep

Answer 11

• vivid dreams occur
• breathing rate increases
• muscles are completely paralysed (aka, paradoxical sleep)

Question 12

general aim

Answer 12

to investigate dreaming in an objective way by looking for the relationship between eye movements in sleep and the dreamers recall

Question 13

aim 1 (dream recall)

Answer 13

to investigate if dream recall between REM and nREM sleep is different

Question 14

aim 2 (dream length & REM length)

Answer 14

to investigate if dream length estimates and length of REM period correlate positively

Question 15

aim 3 ( eye patterns & dream content)

Answer 15

to investigate if eye movement patterns are related to dream content

Question 16

participants

Answer 16

7 males, 2 females (5 studied intensly)

Question 17

how were the participants recruited

Answer 17

opportunity sample (all american, from chicago)

Question 18

how long was the study

Answer 18

6-17 nights - (with 50-77 awakenings)

for the 5 studied intensely,
1-2 nights - (with 4-10 awakenings)

Question 19

instructions given to ppts/the sample

Answer 19

• avoid caffeine and alcohol
• eat normally
• you will sleep in a dark, quiet room
• woken at random intervals by doorbell
• ppts were asked to report on dreams

Question 20

electrodes - how many? where are they placed?

Answer 20

EOG - 2/3 near the eye
- tracks horizontal/vertical
eye movements
EEG - 2/3 on scalp
record brain waves

Question 21

equipment - how were they woken up

Answer 21

by doorbell
- placed near bed, loud enough

Question 22

how were the DV’s operationalised?

Answer 22

recording device to minimise contact with the ppt

Question 23

Procedure 1 (dream recall)

Answer 23

IV: stage of sleep - REM or nREM
DV: dream content recall - dream or no dream

woken up at random intervals

Question 24

Procedure 2 (dream length & REM length) - INITIAL METHODOLOGY

Answer 24

initially, ppt were woken up at random intervals and asked to estimate dream legth to the nearest minute

proved to be too hard.

Question 25

Procedure 2 (dream length & REM length) - IMPROVED METHODOLOGY

Answer 25

ppt were woken following either 5 or 15 minutes (randomly) ppt then guessed if they were sleeping for 5 or 15 minutes dream narrative was later recorded & number of words counted IV: length of REM - 5 or 15 minutes DV: % of correct estimates of 5 or 15 minutes

Question 26

Procedure 3 (eye movement patterns) - INITIAL METHODOLOGY

Answer 26

ppt asked to report every eye-movement in order proved to be too hard.

Question 27

Procedure 3 (eye movement patterns) - IMPROVED METHODOLOGY

Answer 27

ppts woken up after 1 of the 4 eye movement patterns were done (mainly vertical, mainly horizontal, vertical and horizontal, very little/no movement) - measured using electrodes and EOG recall what dream content was

Question 28

Results about REM sleep

Answer 28

All ppts showed REM sleep every night in a regular pattern. Varied between ppts Average length 20 mins – increases with sleep duration. When woken in nREM sleep, participants fell back into the same sleep stage as before woken REM eye movements are not continuous 1-2 movements in a burst. Huge variation in eye movement across REM sleep, but brain wave pattern remains stable.

Question 29

Results 1 (dream recall)

Answer 29

ppts described dreams often when woke from REM (DN- 152/191) but rarely when woken from nREM sleep (DN- 11/160)

Question 30

Results 2 (dream length and REM length)

Answer 30

Responses 88% accurate for 5-min REM duration Responses 78% accurate for 15-min REM duration Significant positive correlation between length of dream and no. of words in dream narrative (+0.4- +0.71) DN differed from other ppts. Equally likely to get 15min estimate right or wrong. Estimation of 5min correct 80% of the time. Often underestimated dream length

Question 31

Results 3 (eye movement patterns)

Answer 31

Pure vertical or pure horizontal movements were very rare. - 3 participants had pure vertical eye movements corresponding to narratives of vertical eye movements (eg. climbing a series of ladders) - 1 participant had horizontal movements (eg. watching people throw tomatoes) 2 participants had a large eye movement to the left (eg. driving and a man on the left hailed his car as he drove past) 21 awakenings of mixed eye movements (talking to ppl) 10 very little or no eye movement (staring at fixed objects)

Question 32

conclusions

Answer 32

*Dreams probably occur only in REM sleep* Dream most likely persists from earlier period of REM > best recalled within 8 mins. Length of dream estimations correlate with REM sleep duration *suggesting dreams are experienced in real time* Eye movements in REM sleep correspond to where and at what the dreamer is looking at in their dream. *REM eye movements are linked to dream content*

Question 33

ethical issues

Answer 33

PROS: - confidentiality maintained - no lasting permanent damage is caused CONS: - ppts were sleeping in unnatural settings and woken up throughout the night - this may have affected them the following day