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Biology Content > B Cells > Flashcards

B Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A
  1. Microfilaments - made of actin, help the cell move and contract during cytokinesis.
  2. Microtubules - made of globular tubulin proteins that form tubes. Determine cellular shape and act as tracks for organelle movement.
  3. Intermediate fibres - give cells strength.
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2
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Supports cell.
  • Holds organelles in place.
  • Allows cells to change shape during endocytosis and exocytosis.
  • Facilitates movement of organelles.
  • Makes up centrioles.
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3
Q

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

A
  • Made of microtubules.
  • Assemble and organise spindle fibres during cell division.
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4
Q

Structure and function of the flagella

A
  • Tail-like extensions that detect changes in the cell’s environment and help the cell move.
  • In eukaryotes they have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, and are thicker than flagella in prokaryotes .
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5
Q

Structure and function of cilia

A

Hair-like extensions that move particles that surround the cell by beating rhythmically.

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6
Q

Structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Made of folded membranes, with ribosomes attached to the membrane.
  • Some proteins produced by ribosomes are converted to glycoproteins.
  • Packages proteins and glycoproteins made by ribosomes into vesicles.
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7
Q

Structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Made of a folded membrane.
  • Secretes lipids and carbohydrates, which are packaged into vesicles.
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8
Q

Structure and function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • Made of a folded membrane.
  • Vesicles from the rough and smooth ER bind to the Golgi apparatus. It modifies these molecules and then packages them into vesicles.
  • When the Golgi apparatus fills vesicles with enzymes, it forms lysosomes (that contain digestive enzymes - lysozymes - which break down cell walls of bacteria that invade cells).
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9
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • Contains an outermsmbrane, and an inner membrane that forms cristae.
  • Matrix contains ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA.
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10
Q

What is the cell wall composed of?

A

In plants and algae: cellulose
In fungi: chitin
In bacteria: peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Function of the vacuole

A
  • Keeps cells turgid.
  • Stores sugars and amino acids as an energy source.
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12
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A
  • Contain a double-membraned envelope.
  • Filled with thylakoids, which are stacked to form grana.
  • Thylakoids contain the pigment chlorophyll (essential for photosynthesis).
  • Grana sit in a fluid called storm, which contains ribosomes, DNA and starch grains.
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13
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Single-celled organisms that don’t contain membrane bound organelles (don’t contain a nucleus).

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14
Q

Compare a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell (eg. bacteria)

A
  • Similarities: contain a cytoplasm, cell-surface membrane, and non membrane-bound organelles, such as ribosomes.
  • Differences: 80S ribosomes vs 70S ribosomes, prokaryotes contain a peptidoglycan cell wall and circular DNA in the cytoplasm, bacteria have an outer capsule to prevent excessive water loss.
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15
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Non, living acellular parasitic particles.
  • Made of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat (capsid).
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16
Q

How to use light microscopes?

A
  • Start with the low powered objective lens to locate cells, then increase objective lens (increasing magnification).
  • Shows 2D images of cells and tissues in a sample.
17
Q

Describe lascar scanning confocal microscopes

A
  • Specimen is stained with a dye, a laser is put through the specimen, specimen becomes fluorescent and gives off light which is detected.
  • High resolution image, can be 2D or 3D.
18
Q

How to calculate length of a cell?

A

Calibrate the eyepiece graticule

19
Q

Describe scanning electron microscopes:

A
  • Detects electrons that bounce off the sample.
  • Produces a 3D image of the outer surface.
  • Resolution = 3-10 nm
20
Q

Describe transmission electron microscopes:

A
  • Detects electrons that are transmitted through the sample surface.
  • 2D black and white images of the internal structure.
  • High resolution (0.5 nm).
21
Q

Compare optical and electron microscopes:

A

Optical (light) microscopes:
- 200nm resolution
- Can view living specimens
- Colour images

Electron microscopes:
- Greater magnification and resolution
- Black and white images

  • Optical microscopes and SEMs allow for thick sample sections, so it is easier to prepare the sample, reducing the risk of artefacts.

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