B cell-mediated immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of BCR on surface of B cells?

A

Contains IgM, IgD, Iga, and Igbeta for binding

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2
Q

What is the function of Co-BCR on surface of B cells?

A

The Co-BCR is Cr2 and CD19 which are cytoplasmic tail receptors that recgonize Iga and Igb leading to the transmission of the first signal in B cell activation

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3
Q

What is the function of HLA Class II on surface of B cells?

A

Recognition and presentation of extracellular pathogens

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4
Q

What is the function of CD80/86 (B7) on surface of B cells?

A

Upregulated for Th cells during activation allowing Th to provide the cytokines needed

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5
Q

What is the function of CXCR25 in the migration of mature naive B cells in lymphoid tissue?

A

Facilitates the migration of b cells to the primary follicle if no antigen present

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6
Q

What is the response of B-2 (follicular) B cells?

A

re-circulating B cells

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7
Q

What is the response of Marginal zone (MZ) B cells?

A

Resided in the spleen: blood born polysaccharide Ags

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8
Q

What is the response of B1 cells?

A

Mucosa- limited ag specificity

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9
Q

How do mature, naive B lymphocytes migrate in the lymphoid tissue?

A

Travel to secondary lymphoid tissues from primary lymphoid follicles, enter through HEV
If no antigen then migrate to primary follicle via CXCR5 and exit through efferent lymphatic vessels
Competition for FDCs (survival signals), die within a few weeks in absence of antigen

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10
Q

What is the antigen induced first signal in B cells? What ligands interact to contribute to antigen recognition (first signal) leading to activation?

A

Ag recognition by Migs leading to the cross linking of 2 or more BCRs
- ag bound with C3d recgonized by mIgs and CR2 (CD21) leading to cross linking
Signaling occurs via Iga and Igb cytoplasmic tails and CR2 and CD19= BCR co receptor leading to activation of Syk and B cell phosphorylation
TLR signaling through cytoplasmic domains

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11
Q

How does B cell activation lead to change in chemokine receptors?

A

Cells begin up-regulating CCR7 allowing for migration towards the T cell zone

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12
Q

How does B cell activation lead to migration in lymph nodes?

A

After activation by ag B cells migrate in lymph nodes towards T cell zone due to upregulation of CCR7
Begin secreting low levels of IgM= primary response

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13
Q

What is the immune synapse between a B and a T cell?

A

Co stimulatory signals generated by CD40-CD40L interactinos and adhesion molecules leading to release of cytokines by Th which tells B cells what isotype to switch to and induces AID
Class switching and affinity maturation occur at the same time

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14
Q

How does antigen recognition by T cells lead to second activation signal for B cells?

A

the Cd40/CD40L leads to the release of cytokines by Th cells

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15
Q

What are the two functions of cytokines released by Th cells?

A

Induction of class switching in H chain

Augment B cell differentiation and proliferation

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16
Q

What is activation induce deaminase (AID) and what effect does it have?

A

Key enzyme of affinity maturation, converts Cs to Us allowing ApeI endonuclease to create ds breaks in DNA

17
Q

How do T-independent antigens affect B cell response?

A

B-1 cells respond to Ag in mucosa

Marginal zone B cells in spleen recognize blood borne polysaccharides

No class switching because no CD40 which means no cytokines

18
Q

What is the mechanism of neutralization of microbes and microbial toxins in the humoral immune response?

A
Ag binds to antigen so they can enter cell. Any class of Ab works 
Ab neutralizes the infectivity and potential effects of infection
19
Q

What is the mechanism of opsonization and phagocytosis in the humoral immune response?

A

Opsonization of microbe by IgG
Binding of opsonized microbes to phagocyte Fc receptors
Fc Receptor signals to activate phagocyte
Phagocytosis and killing

Allows clearance of immune complexes (ICs) by CR1 on erythrocytes binding to ICs with attached C3b and C4b and transporting to liver and spleen for phagocytosis

20
Q

What is the mechanism of classical pathway activation of complement activation in the humoral immune response?

A

IgG x2 or IgM binds causing conformational changes allowing C1 to bind to Fx of antibody/antigen complex initiating classical pathway

21
Q

What is the mechanism of IgE and eosinophil/mast cell meidated reactions in the humoral immune response?

A

IgE binds to Fce receptors on mast cells resulting in degranulation of cell

22
Q

What is the function of IgA antibodies at mucosal surfaces?

A

IgA and IgM have J chains so can secreted into the lumen

23
Q

What is the role of antibodies in neonatal immunity?

A

IgG only Ab that can cross the placenta, binds to FcRn and endocytosis via macrophages and other endothelial cells, able to be recycled
IgM produced around birth
Additional protection gained from IgA in breast milked
6-12 months immunocompetent because moms iG G levels drop as you begin to synthesize your own

24
Q

What is the mechanisms of resistance of pathogens and microbes to humoral immunity?

A

Change of surface Ags

Outer capsule or coat that prevents complement activation, binding of Abs, and phagocytosis

25
Q

What is Immunization? What is the difference between active and passive immunization?

A

Antigenic stimulus that elicits specific adaptive immune responses that can be recalled during subsequent infections
Passive= intro of antibody or antiserum, immediate immunity but transient
Active= intro of on antigen that provokes an adaptive immune response, more permanent creates immunological memory
“priming” process

26
Q

What is switch recombination?

A
CD40:CD40L and cytokines trigger isotype switching by increasing the accesibility of DNA at a specific C region and inducing the expression of AID
Once switched cant go back because cut out that class
In T dependent Ags only
27
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

Introductions of point mutations in the switch regions of the variable areas (a lot of times in hypervariable) of Ig resulting in expansion of antibody repertoire to generate high affinity
Have to recheck to make sure works

28
Q

What is the role of T follicular helpers

A

Cd4+/low levels of CD25, provide help via CD40 CD40L interaction
ICOS ICOSL essential for germinal center reaction inducible costimulator of B7 –> selective survival of B cells
Secrete IL-21 facilitating differentiation to plasma blasts
Provides IFN-gamma and IL-4 for cytokine switching

29
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Terminally differentiated effector B cells
Cell marker= CD27 wth decreased CD19,20 and HLA class II
Secrete Abs super quickly so have extensive ER

30
Q

What is antibody feedback?

A

Control mechanism triggered by secreted Ab that blocks further Ab production, IgG only
If excess Ab binds to FcgammaRIIB blocking B cell receptor signaling so no activation

31
Q

What is the cell distribution, function, and affinity for Ig of FcgammaRI (CD64)?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Phagocytosis

High, binds IgG1 and IgG3

32
Q

What is the cell distribution, function, and affinity for Ig of FcgammaRIIA (CD32)?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, platelets

phagocytosis; cell activation (inefficient)

low

33
Q

What is the cell distribution, function, and affinity for Ig of FcgammaRIIB (CD32)?

A

B lymphocytes, DCs, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages

Feedback inhibition of B cells, attenuation of inflammation

low

34
Q

What is the cell distribution, function, and affinity for Ig for FcgammaRIIIA (CD16)?

A

NK cells

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Low

35
Q

What is the cell distribution, function, and affinity for Ig for FcepsilonRI?

A

Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

Activation (degranulation of mast cells and basophils)

High

36
Q

What are natural antibodies?

A

IgM but some IgG, produced naturally in reaction to go flora by B-1 and MZ B cells
Cross react with blood alloantigens which is why we have to type before transplant

37
Q

What are the outcomes of the first signal in B cell activation?

A

Expression of proteins that promote survival and cell cycling
antigen presentation, increased B7 allowing for interactions with helper T
increased expression of cytokine receptors
increased expression of CCR7 leading to migration from follicle to T cell area