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psych BA > b&b exam 2 > Flashcards

b&b exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

apoptosis

A

the process of cell death due to deficiency of nerve growth factor

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2
Q

transneuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease consists of

A

a process of degeneration of the postsynaptic connections of a neuron

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3
Q

studies comparing identical and fraternal twins raised together or apart by adoptive parents are particularly useful in sorting out the relative contributions of

A

heredity and environment (nature and nurture)

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4
Q

in spina bifida, the caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close normally, leading to

A

paralysis of the lower limbs

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5
Q

scientists theorize that homosexuality is caused

A

by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

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6
Q

Hebb synapses

A

are synapses strengthened by simultaneous activity

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7
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative condition associated with

A

loss of cognitive and emotional function

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8
Q

Nerve growth factor (NFG)

A

prevents apoptosis

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9
Q

the neuromuscular junction is

A

the chemical synapse between the axon termination of a motor neuron and a muscle fibre

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10
Q

damage to the right motor cortex can lead to deficits in control

A

of the left corner of the mouth

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11
Q

a cervical spinal cord injury produces

A

quadriplegia

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12
Q

degeneration of the basal ganglia can cause

A

Parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

according to the motor chauvinist view

A

movement provides the only means we have to interact with both the world and other people

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14
Q

a monosynaptic reflex requires the interaction of

A

two neurons at a single synapse

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15
Q

the lateral pathway

A

originates primarily in the cerebral cortex and controls voluntary fine movements

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16
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by

A

difficulty initiating voluntary movements

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17
Q

damage to the lumbar region of spinal cord causes

A

paraplegia

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18
Q

to produce a certain trait we need (what genes)

A

two copies of the recessive gene of one copy of dominant gene

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19
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46, two pairs of 23

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20
Q

after two weeks from conception, a zygote becomes

A

an embryo

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21
Q

a cell formed by the merger of an egg and sperm in the first two weeks is called

A

a zygote

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22
Q

after eight weeks an embryo becomes

A

a fetus

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23
Q

what are the three bands of cells of the embryo

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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24
Q

ectoderm develops into

A

the nervous system (and skin and hair), then the neural plate

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25
Q

the interior neural tube will become

A

the ventricles and central canal (brain and spinal cord)

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26
Q

in spina bifida, what portion of the neural tube fails to close

A

the caudal portion

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27
Q

spina bifida can cause

A

the paralysis of lower limbs

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28
Q

stages of the development of nervous system

A

neuron birth, migration of cells, differentiation into different types, connection formation, neural death, rearrangement of connections

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29
Q

use it or lose it refers to

A

death of synapses that are not used

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30
Q

neural plasticity states that

A

synapses change throughout lifetime

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31
Q

when the synapse is mature

A

the receptors are tightly clustered at synaptic sites

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32
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a period after synaptic overproduction when their number is reduced

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33
Q

the evidence that genetics play a significant role in sexual orientation is that

A

identical twins are more likely to have same sexual orientation than non-identical twins

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34
Q

when are the key periods of brain development

A

first two years of age,and ages 11 to 25

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35
Q

what happens during the second wave of brain development

A

problem-solving, controlling impulses, reasoning

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36
Q

Hubel and Wiesel proposed the existence of critical periods during which

A

the visual cortex can be modified by experience (cats)

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37
Q

who proposed the theory of imprinting

A

Lorenz

38
Q

the deprivation in interaction in children raised in orphanages can be reversed

A

prior to 6 months of age

39
Q

Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21is caused by

A

having three rather than two copies of chromosome 21

40
Q

during which stage of cell division does abnormal division causing Down Syndrome happen

A

meiosis

41
Q

damage to the neuron vs damage to the axon

A

damage to the neuron causes neural death

42
Q

what happens during the anterograde degeneration

A

damaged segment of the axon separated from body cell after damage dies

43
Q

damage to the CNS vs PNS

A

damaged axons in PNS can regrow (due to the response of the Schwann cells), and damage to the CNS is permanent

44
Q

what is transneuronal degeneration

A

degeneration of the postsynaptic connections of a neuron

45
Q

memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease is caused by

A

deterioration in the hippocampus

46
Q

language and problem-solving deficits in Alzheimer’s result from

A

damage to the cortex

47
Q

emotional changes in Alzheimer’s result from

A

damage to the amygdala (or other limbic structures connected to the hypothalamus)

48
Q

chemical vs electrical synapse

A

chemical uses neurotransmitters and electrical uses ions, chemical is slower and more specific and electrical is faster and can send one message to many neurons

49
Q

excitatory vs inhibitory neurons

A

excitatory depolarizes, inhibitory hyperpolarizes

50
Q

what is the name of liquid within spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

chuvinist view states that

A

we need our brains only for movement, which provides us the only means to interact with the world

52
Q

monosynaptic reflex requires the interaction of how many neurons

A

two neurons at a single synapse

53
Q

monosynaptic reflex example

A

patellar tendon reflex (knee, quadriceps muscle),

54
Q

polysynaptic reflexes involve how many synapses

A

more than one

55
Q

polysynaptic reflex example

A

flexion reflex (taking the hand away when we touch sth hot)

56
Q

when sensory neurons transmit info about a painful stimuli to interneurons in the spinal cord, they excite what neurons

A

the alpha motor neurons in the flexor muscles of the affected limb, alpha motor neurons in the opposing muscle (extensor) are inhibited

57
Q

alpha motor neurons receive info through

A

the lateral pathway and the ventromedial pathway

58
Q

what is the lateral pathway

A

located in the lateral part of the spinal column, and controls voluntary fine movements of hands, feet, and limbs

59
Q

what is the ventromedial pathway

A

located along the ventromedial part of the spinal column and carries out commands for automatic movement in the neck and torso (posture, orienting the head)

60
Q

what is the main source of voluntary motor control

A

primary motor cortex located in the precentral gyrus

61
Q

what are the stages of movement

A

frontal and parietal lobes think about the movement and its risks and SMA and pre-SMA help with that, pre-SMA and SMA activation is followed by primary motor cortex activation, info flows down the lateral pathways to the spinal cord, initiating muscle contractions

62
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for informing the motor cortex of

A

complex factors like direction, force, and timing and checks if the intended movements were what actually happened, it requires learning

63
Q

cholinergic agonists at the neuromuscular junction

A

boost the activity of ACh

64
Q

cholinergic antagonists at the neuromuscular junction

A

paralyze muscles leading to death

65
Q

damage to the spinal cord causes paralysis of the muscles

A

below the level of damage

66
Q

what is quadriplegia

A

the paralysis of both arms and legs after damage to the cervical or neck region of the spinal cord

67
Q

what is paraplegia

A

paralysis of only the legs after damage to the lumbar region of the lower back

68
Q

basal ganglia participate in what part of voluntary movement

A

choice and initiation

69
Q

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease (and OCD and ADHD) are connected to abnormalities in what brain region

A

basal ganglia

70
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by

A

progressive difficulty in movements, tremors in resting hand and frozen facial expressions

71
Q

what causes Parkinson’s

A

when the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in the brainstem degenerate

72
Q

what is the standard treatment for Parkinson’s

A

levodopa (L-dopa) which boosts the activity of dopminergic neurons and acts to improve movement and coordination, or electrical stimulation with wires surgically implanted in the thalamus and connected to pulse generators near the collarbone generating steady electrical signal interfering with the tremor

73
Q

according to the ideomotor theory of action

A

both observing and imagining an action excites the motor programs used to execute that same action

74
Q

the discovery of mirror neurons (1st experiment, 1992) occurred when it was first observed that

A

the same neurons are activated both when a monkey grasps or sees grasping an object

75
Q

according to the theory of embodied simulation

A

immersion in the other’s psychological states occurs through the mirror system

76
Q

reciprocal imitation is key in

A

developing imitative behavior

77
Q

theory of mind (TOM)

A

is the ability to attribute mental states to others

78
Q

adults with Autistic syndrome disorder (ASD) can

A

mimic the facial expression of static basic emotions

79
Q

sensorimotor associative learning is a

A

standard mechanism of Hebbian learning: sensory and motor neurons that fire together, wire together

80
Q

direct matching between perception and action is

A

the fact that movement observation exerts an automatic influence on movement execution which was proved by Brass, Bekkering, Wohlschläger, and Prinz in their experiment where participants had to lift a certain figner in response to a number stimulus

81
Q

which area was studied in the mirror neurons in monkeys in single-neuron recording

A

ventral premotor cortex (area F5) and inferior parietal lobule

82
Q

what is imitation

A

an intentional process of learning available to even undeveloped individuals, including pre-verbal infants being a simple mechanism through which further cognitive, manual and sensory tools can be developed

83
Q

Vittorio Gallese proposed that

A

we have a genetically predetermined tendency to develop mirror neurons that is nurtured by motor experience before and after birth

84
Q

Meltzoff was convinced that imitation is

A

innate

85
Q

what is temporal contingency

A

acting when someone else is acting

86
Q

what is structural congruence

A

acting exactly like someone else is acting

87
Q

according to Shimada and Hiraki the mirror neuron system

A

is already present at birth and flexibly modulated by motor experience and visuomotor learning

88
Q

according to Cecilia Heyes mirror neurons get their matching properties through

A

sensorimotor associative learning (ASL): starting out as motor neurons, active only during the performance of an action, and then through the correlated experience of seeing and doing the same action they become strongly connected to visual neurons tuned to similar actions

89
Q

Catmur suggests that imitation is

A

a simple associative mechanism that is present throughout life span

90
Q

autism and mirror-neuron dysfunction

A

are not associated

91
Q

what does Autistic syndrome disorder cause

A

deficits in social and emotional abilities, communication and language skills, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors, it creates an inability to establish meaningful social communication and bonds, to establish visual eye contact with others, to share attention with others, and to understand others’ emotions and sensations

92
Q

theory of mind helps us with

A

joint attention, understanding the meaning of gaze direction

psych BA (1 decks)

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