Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B&B Exam 1 Anatomy and Lab Material > B&B Anatomy > Flashcards

B&B Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are derived from the Telencephalon

A 
Cerebral Hemispheres
Basal Forebrain
Basal Ganglia
Hippocamus
Amygdala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures are derived from the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures are derived from the Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

White matter consists of

A

Myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gray matter consists of

A

Neuronal Cell Bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Cells in Ventricular walls that produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk of the pituitary

Links hypothalamus with thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Infundibulum

Location?

A

Stalk of the pituitary
Links hypothalamus with thalamus
Behind the optic chiasm! (David and Goliath)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Brodmann Area 4

A

M1, primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brodmann Area 6

A

Premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brodmann Area 8

A

Frontal Eye Fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brodmann Area 3, 1, 2

A

S1, somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brodmann Area 17

A

V1, primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Brodmann Area 18

A

Secondary visual area (V2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tentorium

A

Sheet of dura that separates Cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the epithalamus? Where is it located?

A

Epithalamus = Pineal Gland + Posterior Commisure

Located Posterior limit of 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the subthalamus? Where is it located?

A

Subthalamus is transition from Thalamus to midbrain

Contains: Subthalamic nuclei!!! (Whattaya know?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Magendie and Luschka

A

Midline and Lateral apertures of CSF flow from 4th ventricle, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates right and left hemispheres

Usually contains the falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insula

A

The “fifth” cerebral lobe located within Sylvian fissure

Involved in Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Relationship between optic chiasm, infundibulum and mamillary bodies

A

From anterior to posterior:

chiasm, infundibulum, mamillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mamillary bodies

A

Most posterior part of the hypothalamus
Behind infundibulum
Involved in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Anterior Commisure

A

Connects the uncus of the two temporal lobes

Similar to corpus callosum in the sense that it is a WHITE MATTER structure that connects shit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Massa Intermedia

A

Interthalamic adhesion

What connects the two thalami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Supramarginal gyrus

A

Part of parietal lobe

First part of the “m” in M is for Language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

Part of parietal lobe

Second part of the “m” in M is for language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

Located on the superior portion of temporal lobe
Runs from lateral temporal lobe to medial INSULA
Is the primary AUDITORY cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is only modality to bypass thalamus and reach cortex directly?

A

Smell (olfactory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mossy fibers

A

Synapse with Granular cells in cerebellum (and deep cerebellar nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Climbing fibers

A

Synapse with Purkinje Cells in cerebellum (and deep cerebellar nuclei)
Come from the inferior olive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A 
Includes Flocculonodular Lobe
Function: ocular reflexes
-balance and equilibrium
DCN: Vestibular nuclei
Input through ICP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Spinocerebellum

A 
Includes Vermis AND paravermis
DCN: Fastigial and Interposed
Function: Basic Trunk and Limb movements
Example: walking 
Input through ICP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Includes: Lateral Hemisphere
DCN: Dentate
Function: Complex movement, praxis, tying your shoes
Input: MCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex?

A

Uncus

38
Q

Lenticulostriate arteries

A

Supply the striatum and internal capsule of basal ganglia

Comes from MCA

39
Q

What are lacunar strokes?

A

Lacunar is a GENERAL term for any perforating artery…

So it can lead to a shitload of syndromes, INCLUDING a stroke to the lenticulostriate arteries

40
Q

Great vein of Galen

A

main drainage area for all veins that serve the INTERNAL aspects of the cerebrum
Empties into straight sinus (joins with inferior sagittal sinus

41
Q

Clarke’s nucleus

A

Origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Input: proprioceptive/stretch receptors from LEGS
Output: dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Location: T1-L2 (makes sense because this is just the legs mothafuckaaa)
Is the second order sensory neuron as part of one of the proprioceptive pathways

42
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Starts from Clarke’s nucleus, goes up in the most dorsolateral part of spinal cord (T1-L2) up to ICP up to Vermis/paravermis (fastigial/dentate nuclei)
Ipsilateral cerebellum

43
Q

Lateral Horn

A

Where the Preganglionic SYMPATHETIC neurons run
Location: From T1-L2
-Looks like an outpouching of the intermediate zone

44
Q

Funiculus vs. Fasciculus

A

Cord-like structure vs. bundle like structure

45
Q

Medial Division Dorsal Root Fibers

A

Largest diameter, most heavily myelinated
I-a, I-b, II, A-beta fibers
(the shit that is in your dorsal columns)
Sensitive to anoxia, resistant to anesthesia

46
Q

Ia fibers (and II fibers)

A

Muscle Spindles

Senses stretch

47
Q

Ib fibers

A

Golgi Tendon organs
Senses Force
Proprioception

48
Q

A-beta

A

Touch (two point touch)

49
Q

Lateral Division Dorsal Root Fibers

A

Smaller, less heavily myelinated
A-delta
C-fibers
(the shit that is in your spinothalamic tract)
Resistant to anoxia, sensitive to anesthesia

50
Q

A-delta

A

Sharp pain and Cold (spinothalamic tract)

51
Q

C fibers

A

Dull pain and Warmth (spinothalamic tract)

52
Q

What are the three types of motor axons that exit from ventral root?

A
  1. alpha-motor neurons
  2. gamma-motor neurons
  3. pregang. autonomic axons
53
Q

Alpha-motor neurons

A

make skeletal muscle contract

innervates extrafusal fibers

54
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

increase sensitivity to muscle spindle

innervates intrafusal fibers

55
Q

Topographic organization of cell bodies in ventral horn

A

From Posterior to Anterior (Flexor to Extensor)
-flexor seems to always be on the side where your palms are pointing up during flexion
From medial to lateral (trunk to arms or Proximal to distal muscles)
-this makes sense because the biggest muscles (legs) need more motor neurons to innervate them

56
Q

Renshaw cells

A

Inhibitory interneurons that release glycine to inhibit and regulate alpha motor neurons

57
Q

What structures contain UMN cell bodies?

A

M1, Red nucleus, pontine and medullary reticular formation, lateral/medial vestibular nuclei

58
Q

Spinal cord segments involved in

a. biceps brachii stretch reflex
b. triceps brachii stretch reflex
c. patellar tendon (quadriceps femoris) stretch reflex
d. achilles tendon (gastroc/soleus) stretch reflex

A

a. C5, C6
b. C7, C8
c. L3, L4
d. S1, S2

59
Q

Epicritic

A

Sensation felt by dorsal column MINUS proprioception
(mnemonic is the E in epicritic comes before the P in protopathic, just like dorsal column is before spinothalamic tract in alphabetical order…)

60
Q

Where is the fasciculus cuneatus found?

A

T5 and above

61
Q

Protopathic

A

Sensation felt by spinothalamic tract

62
Q

What are the two neurons used to convey info to spinocerebellum?

A
  1. External cuneate nucleus (arms)

2. Clarke’s nucleus (legs)

63
Q

External cuneate nucleus

A

Located in medulla
Origin of the cuneocerebellar tract (CCT)
carries ARM and UPPER TRUNK proprioception to spinocerebellum

64
Q

How do you identify the level of a cord section?

A 
Is there a fasciculus cuneatus present? 
   -Yes = above T5
   -No = Below T5
Is there a lateral horn present?
   -Yes = T1-L2
   -No = Not T1-L2 lol
Is there a large ventral horn?
    -Yes = C5-T1 (brachial blexus) or L2-S2 (sacrolumbar plexus)
   -No = T2-L1 or C1-C4

Also, spinal cord segments gets bigger as they get closer to brain

65
Q

What is the significance of Lissauer’s Tract?

A

So that upon a painful stimulus, the pain fibers can mobilize multiple spinal cord segments to withdraw from the pain

66
Q

Central Tegmental Tract

A

Runs centrally through each side of the brainstem reticular formation
Function:
-Contains TASTE FIBERS ascending from solitary nucleus fibers to VPM
-sends projections from RED NUCLEUS to the INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS (crosses) and the fibers from inferior olive will send axons to cerebellum (crosses again here so that’s why these guys cross twice)

67
Q

Branchiomeric muscles.

A

Muscles that are derived embryologically from the branchial (gill) arches, notably the larynx, pharynx, palate, jaw and face

68
Q

What are the four cranial nerves that contain pharyngeal arch motor neurons?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

69
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Separation between the sensory and motor plates in brainstem

70
Q

At what cross section level do we start seeing periaqueductal gray?

A

At the level of the midbrain

71
Q

What will be found in every brainstem section?

A
  1. The three main tracts + hypothalamic
  2. MLF
  3. Central tegmental tract
  4. At least one peduncle
  5. At least one cranial nerve nucleus
72
Q

What is the point of corticobulbar tracts?

A

They provide UMN innervation to LMNs of cranial motor nuclei
-synapse with facial motor nuc, trigem motor nuc, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus and accessory nucleus in cervical spine

Significance of bilateral vs. unilateral:
Bilatearl innervation to everything except the muscles that are below the eye
Unilateral innervation is where you’ll see a weakness in a unilateral corticobulbar lesion

(in contrast, corticospinal tract just provides UMN innervation to motor nuclei present in the spinal cord)

73
Q

Internal Arcuate fibers

A

Fibers that link nucleus gracilis/cuneatus to medial lemniscus

74
Q

At what level do spinothalamic and medial lemniscus run together in brainstem?

A

Rostral pons

75
Q

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

Links vestibular nuclei with abducens, trochlear and oculomotor nuclei
-contains both the tectospinal and vestibulo spinal axons in medulla

76
Q

Where can mossy fibers come from?

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (Clarke)
Cuneocerebellar tract (external cuneate)
Vestibular nuclei
Pontine nuclei

77
Q

Where do axons from deep cerebellar nuclei synapse in the thalamus?

A

VL

78
Q

Which fibers cross before reaching cerebellar peduncles and which stay ipsilateral?

A

Spinocerebellar shit is ipsilateral
Inferior olive crosses at midline of medulla to ICP
MCP shit like pontine nuclei cross too

79
Q

At what level does the trapezoid body of auditory fibers cross?

A

Caudal Pons (ventral to the medial lemniscus)

80
Q

At the level of the pons, what’s the easiest peduncle to find? Why?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle…all you have to do is follow the Efferent corssing fibers of the pontine nuclei and where ever that leads you (i.e. right next to the pontine nuclei…Hint Hint), that’s where the MCP is

81
Q

Can you see all 3 peduncles in one slide?

A

Yes! Caudal pons is a good example of it. SCP is right next to deep cerebellar nuclei

82
Q

What is the lateral lemniscus and where do you see it?

A

Lateral lemniscus connects cochlear nuclei with inferior colliculi
So at level of ROSTRAL PONS (right before lateral lemniscus makes its connection), you see it start to come up lateral and superior to the spinothalamic tract
Function: responsible for carrying auditory fibers

83
Q

What the fuck is the “brachium of the inferior colliculus”???

A

It is the tract that carries auditory fibers from the inferior colliculus up to the MGN in the thalamus
Appears in Mid-midbrain section (right above inferior colliculus) on the lateral side as you would expect for a tract carrying shit superiorly from the inferior colliculus

84
Q

How can you tell difference between oculomotor and trochlear nucleus in midbrain sections?

A

Oculomotor nucleus is at level of superior colliculus while trochlear is between the colliculi

85
Q

How can you distinguish between the levels of superior and inferior colliculus?

A

there periaqueductal gray has a distinct “V” shape at the level of the superior colliculus

86
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus accumbens?

A

Basal ganglia
Anterior joining of putamen and caudate
Implicated in reward behavior (e.g. getting into medical school lmao)

87
Q

What is the superior longitudinal bundle?

A

A band of fibers that connects Broca’s area to the aarcuate fasciculas (angular gyrus)

88
Q

What is the claustrum?

A

A thin extensive layer of gray between the external and the extreme capsule.
Function not understood.

89
Q

What is the uncinate fasciculus?

A

The bundle of fibers that connects the frontal and temporal lobes

90
Q

In a coronal myelin stained section, at a region just posterior to the optic chiasm, what are the layers (from superior to inferior) below the thalami

A

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Cerebral Peduncle (just trace the internal capsule and you have the cerebral peduncle..)

91
Q

Where can you see the posterior commisure on a coronal section?

A

Separates third ventricle from cerebral aqueduct

-you see posterior commisure at level in which LGN and MGN are visible

92
Q

Where do you localize the lesion when you lose all sensory modality on one side WITHOUT cranial nerve signs or other loses?

A

Thalamus (VPL and VPM or VB)
This is because in a patient with risk factors for stroke (hypertension, diabetes), thalamoperforators are one of the first to go

B&B Exam 1 Anatomy and Lab Material (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions