B! Flashcards
describe how light microscopes and
staining can be used to view cells
Light microscopes magnify cells, and staining enhances contrast for better visibility and analysis.
explain how the main sub-cellular structures of
eukaryotic cells (plants and animals and
prokaryotic cells are related to their functions do the nucleus ribosome mitrochondria vacuole cell wall and flagellum
nucleus,genetic material ribosome,protein synthesis,mitochondria,site of respiration for nrg release,vacuole,sap storage,cell wall,keeps shape in plant,flagelum,movement
explain how electron microscopy has increased
our understanding of sub-cellular structures
increased resolution in a
transmission electron microscope
describe DNA as a polymer
DNA is made out of nucleotides made up of a base a sugar and phosphate there are 4 types A-T C-G
whats DNAs shape
it is made up of a double helix
how many bases is dna made of
4 different bases,Adenine-Thymine Cyanine-Guanine
describe transcription
DNA unzips into 2 separate strands
RNA moves onto the template strand to form MRNA A bonds wit Uracil
after it has moved over the template strand it is now Mrna and can leave the nucleus
describe translation
mRNA leaves nucleus attaches to ribosome
tRNA brings in free amino acids to join the polypeptide chain
tRNA has complementary codon between mRNA and protein using a triplet.
describe experiments that can be used to
investigate enzymatic reactions
we can use an experiment that has differing levels of pH to see which is the optimum
what is respiration
a universal cellular process providing us with ATP it occurs continuosly
is cellular respiration endo or exothermic
exothermic
aerobic respiration vs anerobic respiration
anerobic= glucose > lactic acid and little atp
aerobic=C6H12O6+O2>CO2+H2O+ATP
fungi=glucose>ethanol+co2+some ATP
explain the importance of sugars in the
synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates
To include – use of the terms monomer and
polymer
carbohydrates are polymers made of sugars monomers in order to breakdown and synthesise carbohydrates they must be broken into simple sugars
explain the importance of amino acids in the
synthesis and breakdown of proteins
protein synthesis requires amino acids because tRNA brings free ones to join the polypeptide chain and they are thebuilding blocks of proteins
describe photosynthetic organisms as the
main producers of food and therefore
biomass for life on Earth
plants are producers meaning they supply themselves with minerals and energy however animals are consumers and must consume producers to have these same minerals and energy meaning plants form the basis for all biomass on earth
describe the process of photosynthesis
To include – reactants and products, two-
stage process, location of the reaction f
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy.
Water molecules are split into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are used to make glucose.
describe photosynthesis as an endothermic
reaction
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction because it requires an input of energy in the form of light to proceed.
describe experiments to investigate
photosynthesis
Investigating the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis: A plant can be placed at different distances from a light source and the rate of photosynthesis can be measured by counting the number of oxygen bubbles produced per minute. The closer the plant is to the light source, the more oxygen bubbles should be produced due to the higher light intensity.
explain the effect of temperature, light
intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on
the rate of photosynthesis
the higher all these factors are the higher the rate of photosynthesis to an extent as eventually the rate of photosynthesis becomes limited
explain the interaction of temperature, light
intensity and carbon dioxide concentration
in limiting the rate of photosynthesis
To include – using graphs depicting the
effects of the limiting factors
the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the factor that is least available or the most limiting. Thus, to maximize the rate of photosynthesis, it is essential to optimize all three factors - temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration.
