Ayub Khan Regime 1958-69 Flashcards
Who was Ayub Khan?
Ayub Khan was a Pakistani military officer and politician who served as the second President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969.
How did Ayub Khan come to power?
Ayub Khan came to power through a military coup in 1958, which overthrew the democratically-elected government of Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon.
What were Ayub Khan’s political views?
Ayub Khan was a conservative and believed in strong centralized authority. He believed that democracy was not suitable for Pakistan, as it was a young and underdeveloped country.
What was Ayub Khan’s economic policy?
Ayub Khan introduced a series of economic reforms, known as the “Basic Democracy Plan,” which aimed to modernize and industrialize the country. This included the establishment of state-owned industries and the promotion of private investment.
What was the “One Unit” policy?
The “One Unit” policy was a controversial policy introduced by Ayub Khan in 1955, which merged the four provinces of West Pakistan into a single administrative unit. This was done in order to create a more centralized and efficient government.
What was the “Basic Democracies” system?
The “Basic Democracies” system was a political system introduced by Ayub Khan, which aimed to give more power to local councils and reduce the power of political parties. The system was criticized for being undemocratic and giving too much power to unelected officials.
What was the “Green Revolution”?
The “Green Revolution” was an agricultural reform program introduced by Ayub Khan, which aimed to increase agricultural productivity through the use of modern technology and techniques. This led to a significant increase in food production, but also led to the displacement of small farmers.
What was the “Ayub Bridge”?
The “Ayub Bridge” was a large infrastructure project initiated by Ayub Khan, which aimed to connect East and West Pakistan by building a bridge over the River Sutlej. The bridge was completed in 1962 and is still in use today.
What was the “Indus Water Treaty”?
The “Indus Water Treaty” was a treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, which allocated the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries between the two countries. The treaty was negotiated by Ayub Khan and is still in effect today.
What was the “Tashkent Declaration”?
The “Tashkent Declaration” was a peace agreement signed between India and Pakistan in 1966, following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The agreement was brokered by the Soviet Union and was signed by Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri.
What was the “Agartala Conspiracy Case”?
The “Agartala Conspiracy Case” was a controversial trial held by the Ayub Khan regime in 1968, in which a number of Bengali politicians were accused of plotting to overthrow the government. The trial was widely criticized for being politically motivated and unfair.
Who was Sheikh Mujibur Rahman?
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was a Bengali politician who later became the first President of Bangladesh. He was one of the accused in the Agartala Conspiracy Case and was eventually released following a public outcry.
What was the “1965 War”?
The “1965 War” was a conflict between India and Pakistan, which began in August 1965 and lasted for five weeks. The war was sparked by a border dispute in the Kashmir region and ended in a stalemate, with both sides claiming victory.
What was the “Azm-e-Nau” exercise?
The “Azm-e-Nau” exercise was a large-scale military exercise conducted by the Pakistani Army in 1965, in preparation for a possible war with India. The exercise was intended to test the readiness of the Pakistani military and to improve coordination between the various branches of the armed forces.
What was the “1962 Constitution”?
The “1962 Constitution” was a new constitution introduced by Ayub Khan, which replaced the previous constitution of 1956. The new constitution established a presidential system of government and reduced the power of the parliament and political parties.
What was the “Basic Democracies Order”?
The “Basic Democracies Order” was an executive order issued by Ayub Khan in 1959, which established the “Basic Democracies” system. The order divided the country into small local councils, each of which was headed by an elected chairman.
What was the “Ayub National Development Council”?
The Ayub National Development Council was a high-level government body established by Ayub Khan in 1960, which was responsible for overseeing economic development and planning. The council included both government officials and private sector representatives.
What was the “Karachi Agreement”?
The “Karachi Agreement” was a political agreement signed by Ayub Khan and a group of opposition leaders in 1960, which aimed to promote national unity and reduce political tensions. The agreement called for the establishment of a national council, which would represent all political parties.
What was the “Decade of Development”?
The “Decade of Development” was a period of economic growth and modernization in Pakistan, which began in the late 1950s and lasted until the early 1970s. The period was characterized by a series of economic reforms and large-scale infrastructure projects.
What was the “Family Laws Ordinance”?
The “Family Laws Ordinance” was a controversial law introduced by Ayub Khan in 1961, which aimed to reform family law in Pakistan. The law established new rules regarding marriage, divorce, and inheritance, and was criticized by some religious leaders for being un-Islamic.
What was the “Land Reforms Ordinance”?
The “Land Reforms Ordinance” was a law introduced by Ayub Khan in 1959, which aimed to redistribute land from large landowners to small farmers. The law was one of the most significant land reform measures in Pakistan’s history and was intended to address widespread inequality in land ownership.
What was the “Ayub Agricultural Research Institute”?
The “Ayub Agricultural Research Institute” was a research center established by Ayub Khan in 1962, which was dedicated to the study of agriculture and the development of new agricultural technologies. The institute played a key role in the “Green Revolution” and other agricultural reforms.
What was the “Ayub Medical College”?
The “Ayub Medical College” was a medical school established by Ayub Khan in 1970, which was dedicated to the training of doctors and other healthcare professionals. The college was one of the most important medical institutions in Pakistan and played a key role in the development of the country’s healthcare system.
What was the “East Pakistan Crisis”?
The “East Pakistan Crisis” was a political and humanitarian crisis that occurred in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971.
What was the “Agartala Conspiracy Case”?
The “Agartala Conspiracy Case” was a high-profile political trial that took place in 1968, in which a group of Bengali nationalists were accused of planning to overthrow the Pakistani government. The trial was widely criticized for being politically motivated and for violating the defendants’ human rights.
What was the “Tashkent Declaration”?
The “Tashkent Declaration” was a peace agreement signed by Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The agreement called for a ceasefire and for the withdrawal of troops from both sides of the border.
What was the “One Unit Scheme”?
The “One Unit Scheme” was a political and administrative reform introduced by Ayub Khan in 1955, which merged the four provinces of West Pakistan into a single administrative unit. The scheme was intended to promote national unity and reduce political tensions between the provinces.
What was the “Ayub Bridge”?
The “Ayub Bridge” is a bridge that crosses the River Indus in Sukkur, Pakistan. The bridge was completed in 1962 and was named after Ayub Khan, who inaugurated it. The bridge is one of the longest bridges in Pakistan and has become an important landmark in the region.
What was the “Khanpur Dam”?
The “Khanpur Dam” is a dam located near the town of Khanpur in Punjab, Pakistan. The dam was completed in 1983 and was named after Ayub Khan, who initiated the project in 1963. The dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power to the surrounding area.
What was the “Indus Basin Development Fund”?
The “Indus Basin Development Fund” was a fund established by Ayub Khan in 1960, which was intended to provide financing for large-scale infrastructure projects in the Indus River Basin. The fund played a key role in the development of the country’s irrigation system and helped to modernize agriculture.
What was the “Pakistan International Airlines”?
The “Pakistan International Airlines” is the national flag carrier airline of Pakistan. The airline was established in 1955 and was nationalized by Ayub Khan’s government in 1959. The airline played a key role in the development of Pakistan’s aviation industry and helped to promote international trade and tourism.
What was the “Pakistan Television Corporation”?
The “Pakistan Television Corporation” is the state-owned television network of Pakistan. The corporation was established in 1964 and was nationalized by Ayub Khan’s government in 1969. The network played a key role in the development of Pakistan’s television industry and helped to promote cultural exchange and national unity.
What was the “Ayubia National Park”?
The “Ayubia National Park” is a national park located in the Murree Hills of Pakistan. The park was established in 1984 and was named after Ayub Khan. The park is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular tourist destination in Pakistan.
What was the “Ayub Agricultural Award”?
The “Ayub Agricultural Award” was an annual award established by Ayub Khan in 1962, which recognized the achievements of individuals and organizations in the field of agriculture.
What was the “Six Points Movement”?
The “Six Points Movement” was a political movement led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the future Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in the late 1960s. The movement called for greater autonomy for East Pakistan and eventually led to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.
What was the “Agartala Session”?
The “Agartala Session” was a meeting of the Awami League, a political party in East Pakistan, held in 1969 in the Indian city of Agartala. The meeting was raided by Pakistani authorities, who arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other leaders of the party, leading to widespread protests and unrest in East Pakistan.
What was the “Indo-Pakistani War of 1971”?
The “Indo-Pakistani War of 1971” was a conflict between India and Pakistan that took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War. India intervened in support of the separatist movement in East Pakistan, leading to a full-scale war between the two countries. The war ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan, which led to the creation of Bangladesh.
What was the “Rann of Kutch Conflict”?
The “Rann of Kutch Conflict” was a limited war fought between India and Pakistan in 1965, over a disputed territory in the Rann of Kutch region. The conflict ended with a ceasefire and the establishment of a boundary commission to resolve the dispute.
What was the “Second Kashmir War”?
The “Second Kashmir War” was a conflict between India and Pakistan in 1965, over the disputed territory of Kashmir. The war ended with the Tashkent Declaration, which called for a ceasefire and for both sides to withdraw their troops.
What was the “CENTO”?
The “CENTO” (Central Treaty Organization) was a military alliance formed in 1955, between the United States, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran. The alliance was intended to counter the threat of Soviet expansion in the Middle East and Central Asia.
What was the “SEATO”?
The “SEATO” (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was a military alliance formed in 1954, between the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, and France. The alliance was intended to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
What was the “1965 Indo-Pakistani War”?
The “1965 Indo-Pakistani War” was a conflict between India and Pakistan, fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
What was Pakistan’s foreign policy during Ayub Khan’s regime?
Ayub Khan’s foreign policy focused on strengthening Pakistan’s position in the region and enhancing its international standing. Pakistan maintained close relations with the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western countries, while seeking to balance its relations with China and the Soviet Union. Ayub Khan also pursued a policy of closer integration with other Muslim countries, particularly in the Middle East.
What was the “1962 Sino-Indian War”?
The “1962 Sino-Indian War” was a brief conflict between China and India, fought over disputed border territories in the Himalayan region. Pakistan remained neutral during the conflict, but the war had significant implications for Pakistan’s relations with both China and India.
What was the “Rusk-Khan Talks”?
The “Rusk-Khan Talks” were a series of meetings between the U.S. Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, and Ayub Khan, held in 1961. The talks focused on the growing tensions between India and China, as well as Pakistan’s relationship with the United States.
What was the “Tashkent Declaration”?
The “Tashkent Declaration” was a peace agreement signed by India and Pakistan in 1966, following the end of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War. The agreement was brokered by the Soviet Union and called for a ceasefire, the withdrawal of troops from both sides of the border, and the release of prisoners of war.
What was the “Islamic Summit Conference of 1969”?
The “Islamic Summit Conference of 1969” was a meeting of Muslim heads of state and government, held in Rabat, Morocco. The conference was organized by King Hassan II of Morocco and attended by Ayub Khan and other Muslim leaders. The conference focused on issues of common concern to the Muslim world, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the situation in Kashmir.
What was the “1965 Pakistan-United States Agreement”?
The “1965 Pakistan-United States Agreement” was a defense agreement signed between the United States and Pakistan, which provided for the transfer of military equipment and technical assistance to Pakistan. The agreement was seen as a reflection of the close ties between the two countries during Ayub Khan’s regime.
What was the “1963 Pakistan-China Boundary Agreement”?
The “1963 Pakistan-China Boundary Agreement” was a bilateral agreement signed between Pakistan and China, which resolved longstanding border disputes between the two countries. The agreement was seen as a significant achievement of Ayub Khan’s foreign policy, and it paved the way for closer relations between Pakistan and China.
What was the role of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during Ayub Khan’s regime?
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was a prominent politician who served in several key positions in Ayub Khan’s government, including as Minister of Fuel, Power and Natural Resources and as Foreign Minister. Bhutto was a strong supporter of Ayub Khan’s economic policies and played a key role in negotiating several international agreements. However, he later became critical of Ayub Khan’s authoritarian style of governance and in 1967, he left the government to form his own political party, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
What was the “Agartala Conspiracy Case”?
The “Agartala Conspiracy Case” was a controversial trial held in 1968, in which several opposition leaders, including Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, were charged with plotting to overthrow Ayub Khan’s government. The case was widely seen as a political maneuver to silence opposition voices, and it sparked large-scale protests across the country.
What was the “Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case”?
The “Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case” was another high-profile trial held in 1964, in which several military officers were accused of plotting to overthrow Ayub Khan’s government. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto represented the accused officers in court and played a key role in the trial, which garnered significant attention both domestically and internationally.
What was the “Decade of Development”?
The “Decade of Development” was a period of rapid economic growth and modernization in Pakistan, which occurred during Ayub Khan’s regime. The government implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization, infrastructure development, and agricultural growth. However, the benefits of these reforms were not evenly distributed, and many critics argued that they primarily benefited the urban elite.
What was the role of the military during Ayub Khan’s regime?
The military played a dominant role in Ayub Khan’s regime, with many key positions in the government and administration held by military officers. Ayub Khan himself was a former military officer and had strong ties to the armed forces. However, this led to growing resentment among civilian politicians and opposition groups, who argued that the military’s influence was undermining democratic institutions.
What was the impact of Ayub Khan’s regime on Pakistan’s political landscape?
Ayub Khan’s regime had a significant impact on Pakistan’s political landscape, both during his rule and in the years that followed. While he is credited with modernizing the country’s economy and infrastructure, his authoritarian style of governance and suppression of political dissent led to widespread public discontent. This, in turn, paved the way for the rise of populist politicians like Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and ultimately led to the downfall of Ayub Khan’s regime.
What was the social and political climate of Pakistan during Ayub Khan’s regime?
Ayub Khan’s regime was marked by significant social and political changes in Pakistan. The government pursued a modernization agenda that emphasized industrialization and infrastructure development, which brought about economic growth and urbanization. However, this also led to rising income inequality and a widening gap between the urban elite and rural poor.
What were some of the key social changes that occurred during Ayub Khan’s regime?
During Ayub Khan’s regime, several key social changes occurred in Pakistan. The government implemented land reforms, which aimed to redistribute land from large landowners to poor farmers. The regime also sought to modernize education and healthcare, although access to these services remained limited for many people. Additionally, the government encouraged the development of a new middle class, which emerged as a result of the country’s economic growth.
What were some of the key political changes that occurred during Ayub Khan’s regime?
During Ayub Khan’s regime, several key political changes occurred in Pakistan. The government centralized power, with Ayub Khan assuming the role of President and Prime Minister. The regime also established a new constitution, which replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential system of government. Additionally, the government restricted political opposition, which led to the rise of dissent and protests among opposition groups.
What was the role of the media during Ayub Khan’s regime?
The media played a critical role in shaping public opinion during Ayub Khan’s regime. The government tightly controlled the media, with newspapers and other media outlets required to obtain licenses from the government in order to operate. The regime also censored news coverage of politically sensitive issues, which led to growing public discontent and calls for greater press freedom.
How did Ayub Khan’s regime handle dissent and protest?
Ayub Khan’s regime responded to dissent and protest with increasing levels of repression. The government imposed restrictions on civil liberties and cracked down on political opposition, with many opposition leaders and activists arrested and detained. The regime also used violence to suppress protests, particularly in East Pakistan, where tensions were high due to growing discontent among the region’s Bengali population. These actions further contributed to the regime’s unpopularity and led to growing calls for political change.
What were some of the key differences between East and West Pakistan during Ayub Khan’s regime?
During Ayub Khan’s regime, there were significant differences between East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan, which had a majority Bengali population, felt marginalized by the central government in West Pakistan. The regime favored West Pakistan in terms of economic development and political power, which further fueled East Pakistan’s sense of discrimination and marginalization.
How did the Bengali Language Movement impact the relationship between East and West Pakistan?
The Bengali Language Movement, which called for Bengali to be recognized as a national language of Pakistan, played a significant role in the growing tensions between East and West Pakistan. The regime initially opposed the movement, which led to violent protests in East Pakistan. Eventually, the government recognized Bengali as a national language in 1956, but this did little to ease the growing sense of dissatisfaction and marginalization felt by the Bengali population.
What was the impact of the 1965 Indo-Pak War on East and West Pakistan?
The 1965 Indo-Pak War had a significant impact on East and West Pakistan. The war further marginalized East Pakistan, as most of the fighting occurred in West Pakistan, while East Pakistan remained relatively untouched. This fueled resentment among the Bengali population, who felt that they were being used as cannon fodder by the central government. Additionally, the war strained Pakistan’s relationship with India, which had long been a source of tension between the two countries.
How did Ayub Khan’s regime respond to growing discontent in East Pakistan?
Ayub Khan’s regime responded to growing discontent in East Pakistan with increasing levels of repression. The government cracked down on political opposition and imposed restrictions on civil liberties, particularly in East Pakistan, where the regime feared that growing dissent could lead to demands for independence. This approach further fueled resentment and led to growing calls for autonomy and independence in East Pakistan.
How did Ayub Khan’s regime’s foreign policy impact East and West Pakistan?
Ayub Khan’s regime’s foreign policy had a significant impact on East and West Pakistan. The regime pursued a pro-Western foreign policy, aligning itself closely with the United States and Britain. This led to economic and military aid from these countries, which helped fuel Pakistan’s economic growth. However, this also led to growing criticism from East Pakistan, which saw the central government as being too closely aligned with foreign powers at the expense of the interests of the Bengali population.
What was the economic situation in East Pakistan during Ayub Khan’s regime?
East Pakistan was economically disadvantaged during Ayub Khan’s regime. The central government allocated a disproportionately small share of development funds to East Pakistan, which hindered the region’s economic growth. This contributed to a sense of discrimination and marginalization among the Bengali population in East Pakistan.
How did Ayub Khan’s regime address the issue of poverty in East Pakistan?
Ayub Khan’s regime initiated a number of programs aimed at reducing poverty in East Pakistan. These included land reform programs and rural development projects designed to increase agricultural productivity. However, these efforts were often undermined by corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency, and they did little to address the broader economic disparities between East and West Pakistan.
