Axial Skeleton/Skull

Question 1

Parts of the Rib Cage

Answer 1

Sternum, Ribs

Question 2

Parts of Sternum/breastbone

Answer 2

Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process

Question 3

1.) Supra-sternal Notch

2.) Lateral Manubrium

3.) Inferior Manubrium

Answer 3

Superior part of manubrium that articulates with the clavicle.

articulates with first rib

Articulates with the body of the sternum

Question 4

Sternal Angle/ Angle of Louis

Answer 4

Lies at the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum

where the second rib attaches, and is opposite the intervertebral disc 4T and 5T.

Question 5

How many ribs and where do they articulate.

Answer 5

12 pairs

most articulate to the thoracic vertebrate posteriorly and to the sternum anteriorly

Question 6

True Ribs (1-7)

Answer 6

Connect directly to the sternum by their own cartilage

Question 7

False ribs (8-10)

Answer 7

attach to cartilage of true ribs rather than the sternum directly

Question 8

Floating ribs (11-12)

Answer 8

They do not attach to the sternum.

Question 9

“Typical” rib parts (3-9)

Answer 9

Head, Neck, Body

Question 10

Head of rib

Answer 10

wedge shape, two articular facets. Inferior facet articulates with he corresponding vertebra, while the superior vertebra above

Question 11

neck of rib

Answer 11

connects head to body

where connects to the body, there is a rough tubercle which articulates with the corresponding vertebra

Question 12

body/shaft of rib

Answer 12

flat and curved

contains the costal/subcostal groove

Costal groove: for neurovascular supply of the thorax

Question 13

atypical Ribs (1,2, 11,12)

Answer 13

First rib: Shortest and flattened with greatest curvature

Head has single
articular facet for T1 vertebral body,

upper surface contains two shallow grooves separated (for Subclavian artery and vein)

Question 14

Hyoid bone

Answer 14

The hyoid bone is in the neck and is held in place on the C3 vertebra by muscles and
ligaments.

function: stabilize the larynx and serves as an attachment site for the tongue and pharyngeal
muscles

Question 15

Vertebral Column

Answer 15

7C, 12T,5L, 5S 3-4 Co

Function: solid, protective,
flexible tube maintains posture, and supports the weight of the head and body.

mobility: The cervical,
thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are mobile, while the sacral and coccygeal are fused.

Question 16

Vertebral body

Answer 16

Located anteriorly and serves as the main weight-bearing element of the
vertebra

Question 17

Transverse Process

Answer 17

laterally projecting processes that extend from the junction of the
pedicle and lamina.

Question 18

Spinous process

Answer 18

posteriorly projecting tip of the vertebral arch that is easily palpated
through the skin

Question 19

Pedicles

Answer 19

region of the vertebral arch that connects the transverse process to the vertebral
body.

Question 20

Laminae

Answer 20

region of the vertebral arch that connects the spinous process to the transverse process.

Question 21

The Vertebral Arch

Answer 21

Consists of paired pedicles and laminae.

Question 22

Superior articular process inferior articular process.

Answer 22

Articular surfaces that project superiorly and inferiorly from the vertebral arch

They articulate with adjacent vertebrae, forming facet (zygapophyseal)
synovial joints.

Question 23

Vertebral foramen and the vertebral canal

Answer 23

Formed by the vertebral arch and vertebral body, contains the spinal cord.

vertebral canal: The stacked vertebral foramina of the entire vertebral column

Question 24

Intervertebral (neural) Foramina

Answer 24

bilateral openings between every pair of adjacent
vertebrae where the spinal nerves communicate between the spinal cord and body tissues.

Question 25

Intervertebral disc

Answer 25

function: cartilage shock absorber between adjacent vertebra bodies

made of:

1.) annulus Fibrosis: tough fibrocartilaginous outer ring
2.) Nucleus Pulposus: gelatinous core

Question 26

Cervical/neck vertebrae (7)

Answer 26

• Located in the neck
• Transverse Foramina: transport the vertebral arteries and veins to and from the posterior region of the brain (N.B., vessels pass through all cervical transverse foramina except C7).
• spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are often bifid or forked.
• Cervical (C1)/ atlas: articulates with the occipital bone and “holds” the weight of the skull.
• Cervical (C2)/axis: =articulation with the atlas, via the dens (odontoid process), enables rotation of the skull. In other words, the skull rotates because of the dens, hence the name “axis.”
• cervical (C7) vertebral prominens: The most prominent spinous process at the base of the neck.

Question 27

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Answer 27

• Located in the thoracic region.
• Transverse process: contains 12 Costal facets are present for articulation with the 12 pairs of ribs.
• spinous processes are thin and point inferiorly.

Question 28

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Answer 28

• Located in the lower back.
• Mammillary process: is a posterior projection arising from the superior articular process
• Spinous processes are thick and point posteriorly.
• Their Vertebral bodies are large and blocklike.

Question 29

Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

Answer 29

• Located between os coxae.
• Sacral foramina: Spinal nerves traverse the sacral foramina that flank the vertebral bodies.
• Sacroilliac joint: The lateral surfaces of the sacrum articulate with the ilium of the os coxae to form sacroiliac joints.
• Sacral canal is located posterior to the body.
• Sacral Promontory: sharp anterior projection from the superior surface of the first sacral vertebral body.
• Sacral Hiatus: inverted U-shaped gap in the inferior part of the vertebral canal.

Question 30

Coccyx (3 to 4):

Answer 30

• Located below the sacrum, the coccyx is also called the “tailbone.”
• Commonly fuse together to form a single small triangular bone that articulates at its base with the lower end of the Sacrum

Question 31

Clinical Correlates

Answer 31

The sacrum may consist of six vertebrae due to due to the incorporation of:
a.) first coccygeal vertebra into the sacrum, l
b.) Sacralization of the L5: last lumbar vertebra fused to S1; normal anomaly
Rarely, there may be a reduction in sacral vertebrae
a.) Lumbarization of the S1: normal anomaly called Lumbarization of the S1.
The bodies of the sacral vertebrae usually do not unite with each other until about 20 years old; the central area of the body and the intervertebral discs may remain unossified well into middle age.

Question 32

Ok

Answer 32

Ok