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PT411 Kinesiology & Biomechanics > Axial Skeleton and Dynamic Muscle Control > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton and Dynamic Muscle Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the spine?

A
  1. base of support for rest of body
  2. allow for body movement
  3. allow fort stable attachment
  4. link the upper and lower extremities
  5. Protect the spinal cord and internal organs
  6. Shock absorbers
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2
Q

What are the functions of the ligaments of the spine?

A
  1. Limit motion
  2. Help maintain natural spinal curvature
  3. Indirectly protect the spinal cord and nerve roots
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3
Q

What is the function of the facet joints?

A
  1. Provide stability and protection
  2. Prevent excess rotation flexion and anterior shear forces
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4
Q

Within the facet joints, what is the function of capsular ligaments?

A
  1. Resists all extremes (motion)
  2. Allow gliding movement only
  3. They are synovial joints
  4. The motion they produce is dependent on the facet’s orientation
  5. They are more taut or stable in the thoracic region
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5
Q

What is the function of the interbody joints?

A
  1. Connects vertebral bodies
  2. Acts as a shock absorber and stabilizer
    1. (carries 80% of LOAD)
  3. Site for axis of rotation
  4. Has space to allow for exiting spinal nerve roots
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6
Q

What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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7
Q

Which portion of the intervertebral disc is innervated?

A

The outer ⅓ to ½ of fibers

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8
Q

How does the intervertebral disc receive nutrition?

A

Outer: Blood supply

Inner: Diffusion

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9
Q

What is Fryette’s Law III?

A

“When motion is introduced in one plane it will modify (reduce) motion in the other two planes”

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10
Q

What determines the effectiveness of torque in a muscle?

A

The spatial orientation of the muscle’s line of force.

t = F x r

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11
Q

What are the craniocervical components?

A
  1. Occipito-Atlantal joint
  2. Atlanto-axial joint
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12
Q

Which craniocervical component has biconvex condyles?

A

Occipito-Atlantal joint

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13
Q

What are the primary roles of the suboccipital muscles?

A
  1. Provide control over the OA and AA joints
  2. Provide neural feedback and rate of head movement
    1. (This impacts balance, hand-eye coordination, and equilibrium)
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14
Q

What is the difference between arthrokinematics and osteokinematics?

A

Arthrokinematics are not voluntary/volitional

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15
Q

During spinal flexion of the C2-L5, what motion is occurring at the facets?

A

They glide up & forward

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16
Q

During spinal extension at the C2-L5 what motion is occurring at the facets?

A

Facets glide down and back

17
Q

What is the approximate individual and group ROM for rotation of the lumbar spine?

A

Individually: 1-4°

Total: 5-16°

18
Q

When discussing the motion of the vertebra what portion of the spine do you reference?

A

Anterior portion

19
Q

What ligaments of the spine are under tension during extension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

20
Q

What ligaments of the spine are under tension during flexion?

A
  1. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  2. Ligamentum flavum
  3. Interspinal ligament
  4. Supraspinous ligament
21
Q

Which ribs motion resembles a pump-handle?

A

Ribs 2-7

22
Q

Which rib’s motion resembles a bucket handle?

A

Ribs 8-10

23
Q

What are your transversospinal muscles?

A
  1. Rotator brevis
  2. Rotator longus
  3. Multifidus
  4. Semispinalis thoracis
24
Q

What are your transversospinal muscles responsible for?

A
  1. Stability
  2. Segmental support
  3. Fill the space
25
Q

What is the function of the deep layer of the erector spinae?

A
  1. Stability and dynamic resistance to anterior shear forces
26
Q

What is the physiological function of the abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Support and protect the abdominal viscera
  2. Affect intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure
27
Q

What is the kinesiological function of the abdominals?

A
  1. Move the trunk
  2. Support the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint during forceful contractions
  3. Stabilize proximal bony attachments of hip and knee muscles
28
Q

Which abdominal muscle has the most extensive attachment to the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Transverse Abdominis

29
Q

What is the function of the iliopsoas?

A
  • Iliacus
    • Primary hip flexor
    • Femur on pelvis and pelvis on femur
  • Psoas major
    • Hip flexor
    • Lateral flexor of lumbar region
    • Flexor of lower lumbar region relative to sacrum
    • Vertical stabilizer of lumbar spine
30
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A
  1. Bilaterally:
    1. Lumbar extension
    2. Frontal plane stabilization of lumbar spine
  2. Unilaterally
    1. Ipsilateral lateral flexion of lumbar region
    2. Ipsilateral elevation of pelvis (hip hiking)
31
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle?

A

The angle between the lumbar and sacrum at 40° from the horizontal

32
Q

If we increase the curve of the lumbar what happens to the lumbosacral angle?

A

It increases and as a result decreases compression but increases shear

33
Q

If we decrease the curve of the lumbar what happens to the lumbosacral angle?

A

Decreases the angle and as a result decreases shear but increases compression

34
Q

What is the function of the sacroiliac joint?

A

To transfer body weight between the trunk and femurs

35
Q

What is nutation and counternutation of the SI joint?

A
  1. Nutation is forward “Nod”
  2. Counternutation is backward
36
Q

What forces create nutation torque at the SI joint?

A
  1. Gravity/ body weight (sacrum)
  2. Ground reaction forces (posterior tilt)
  3. Passive tension from stretched ligaments
37
Q

Which muscles when contracted stabilize the SI joint?

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Latissimus Dorsi
  3. Transversus abdominus
  4. Internal oblique

This is because they all have attachments to the thoracolumbar fascia

38
Q

What is lumbopelvic rhythm?

A

The coordinated, simultaneous activity of lumbar flexion and anterior pelvic tilt with hip flexion.

39
Q

What are some changes that can cause restrictions in lumbopelvic rhythm?

A
  1. Decreased range of motion
    1. Hamstrings
    2. Lumbar movement

PT411 Kinesiology & Biomechanics (9 decks)

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