Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Canine / Feline vertebral formula

Answer 1

C7 
T13
L7
S3
Cd ~20-23

Question 2

Equine verterbral formula

Answer 2

C7
T18
L6
S5
Cd 15-21

Question 3

Bovine vertebral forumla

Answer 3

C7
T13
L6
S5
Cd 18-20

Question 4

Common feat of each vertebrae

Answer 4

vertebral foramina (vertebral arches and vertebral body)
vertebral notches
spinous processes
articular processes

Question 5

C1

Answer 5

atlas
contain lateral vertebral foramina
articulates with occipital condyles
dorsal surface of ventral arch contains the fovea of the dens
the lateral formina allows for passage of the first cervical spinal nerves

Question 6

C2

Answer 6

Axis
elongated dorsal spinous process
dens (odontoid process):
a cranioventral peg-like eminence
held down by a transverse ligament

Question 7

C6

Answer 7

higher spinous process

EXPANDED TRANSVERSE PROCESS

Question 8

C7

Answer 8

NO transverse foramina

Highest spinous process of cervical vertebra

Question 9

Thoracic vertebra

Answer 9

have elongated spinous processes
cranial and caudal costal fovea for rib attachment
T11 is anticlinal vertebrae (transitional segment between thoracolumbar region)

Question 10

Ribs

Answer 10

bony and cartilaginous component

1-9 true ribs (connect to sternum) (vertebrosternal)

10-12 articulate with cartilage of cranial ribs (vertebrocartilaginous)

13- floating rib (vertebral)

Question 11

Rib articulation

Answer 11

Heads of ribs 1-10 articulate with cranial costal fovea of same vertebra and caudal costal fovea of the preceding vertebrae

Heads of ribs 11-13 will articulate with same vertebrae (cranial costal fovea)

TUBERCLE OF EACH RIB WILL ARTICULATE WITH THE TRANSVERSE FOVEA OF THE SAME VERTEBRAE

Question 12

Lumbar

Answer 12

longer bodies than thoracic

spinous processes all point cranially toward T11

Question 13

Sacrum

Answer 13

fused in dog
articulates with ilium
sacral promontory is dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet
on dorsal and ventral aspect you have 2 foramina for sacral spinal nerves

Question 14

Spondylosis Deformans

Answer 14

degeneration that is usually seen in older dogs that if severe can cause discomfort
Thoracic lumbar and lumbosacral regions
possible secondary changes to intervertebral disc disease
decreasing motion seen in weak joints

De

Question 15

Discospondylitis

Answer 15

infection of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc
thoracolumbar and lumbosacral areas
hematogenous spread (goes through bloodstream either a fungus or bacteria) or a local infection (usually due to migrating foreign body)

Question 16

Caudal vertebrae

Answer 16

anywhere from 6-23 (dog)
average is 20
hemal arches present to protect the medial caudal artery

Question 17

Nuchal ligament

Answer 17

yellow elastic fibers
attach to caudal part of the spinous process of the axis
extends to the spinous process of T1
not present in Cat
in large animal goes to the NUCHAL CREST OF THE SKULL
in LA has two parts: funicular part (cord-like dorsally located) and laminar part (sheet-like, extends between the dorsal fuicular part and cervical vertebrae)

Synovial bursa are interposed between the funicular part of the nuchal ligament and certain body prominences in the large animal; infections and inflammations of these bursa result in “poll evil” and “fisulous whithers”

Question 18

Ventral longitudinal ligament

Answer 18

located on the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies
From sacrum (s1-s3) to axis (C2)

Question 19

Dorsal Longitudinal ligament

Answer 19

located on the dorsal surface of vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord
from caudal vertebra 1 (Cd 1 ) to axis (C2)

Question 20

Supraspinous ligament

Answer 20

extends from the spinous processes of T1-Cd3

attaches to the apices of the spines

Question 21

sternum

Answer 21

unpaired
8 bones
ventral boundary of thorax
joined by cartilage (intersternal cartilage)
manubrium : 1st sternebrae, longer than the rest
xyphoid process: last sternebrae, short and flat, cartilage projecting caudally : xyphoid cartilage

Question 22

Alanto-occipital joint

Answer 22

between the atlas and occipital condyles
dorsal and ventral atlanto-occipital membranes: CSF removal
lateral ligament from the lateral dorsal arch to the paracondylar process of the occipital bone
commonly known as the yes joint

Question 23

Atlanto-axial joint

Answer 23

commonly konwn as the no joint
apical ligament of the dens: dens to the basi-occipital bone (near forament magnum)

Alar ligaments: attach dens on either side of apical ligament to the occipital bone

Transverse atlantal ligament: connects one side of the ventral arch to the other. hold dens against ventral arch

Question 24

Atlanto-axial instability

Answer 24

uncommon
abnormal movement in the neck
compression of the spinal cord
2 causes: birth defect or trauma

Question 25

intervertebral discs

Answer 25

in each intervertebral space (except c1-c2) composed of annulus fibrosus (outer laminated fibrous ring( nucleus pulposus (central gelatinous center) Stress absorber the degeneration of the annulus fibrosus can lead to IVDD

Question 26

Intervertebral Disc Disease

Answer 26

Herniated disc 2 types compressive and concussive chondrydystrophic (3-6 years of age, dachshunds) non chonrodystrophic (5-12 years) labs german shepherds Calcification of the disc

Question 27

Interspinous ligament

Answer 27

connects adjacent vertebral spines

Question 28

yellow ligaments

Answer 28

between the arches of the adjacent vertebrae | epidural spaces lies ventral to these ligaments

Question 29

intercapital ligaments

Answer 29

from the head of the rib over the intervertebral disc to the head of the opposite rib the extra support over the disc helps decrease the occurence of disc disease in the thoracic vertebrae

Question 30

costotransverse ligament

Answer 30

largest ligament attaching the rib to the vertebrae

Question 31

muscles of the axial skeleton | epaxial

Answer 31

``` extensors of the vertebral column found dorsal to the transverse process iliocostalis longissimus transversospinalis ``` the caudal portions can be indistinguishable

Question 32

Iliocostalis lumborum

Answer 32

Ilium to last four or five ribs

Question 33

iliocostalic thoracis

Answer 33

12th rib to the 7th cervical vertebrae

Question 34

• Longissimus thoracis et lumborum

Answer 34

Ilium to the thoracic vertebrae • Just medial to the iliocostalis system

Question 35

• Longissimus cervicis

Answer 35

• Cranial continuation into the | neck

Question 36

• Longissimus capitis

Answer 36

``` • Medial to longissimus cervicis and splenius • First 3 thoracic vertebrae to the mastoid part of the temporal bone • United with the splenius ```

Question 37

• Transversospinalis

Answer 37

``` Most medial system • Sacrum to the head • Splenius • Deep to rhomboideus capitis and serratus dorsalis cranialis ```

Question 38

• Semispinalis capitis

Answer 38

• Biventer cervicis dorsally • Complexus ventrally

Question 39

Hypaxial muscles

Answer 39

``` • Ventral to the transverse processes • Flexors of the vertebral column • Longus capitis m. • Lies on the lateral surface of the cervical vertebrae • Longus colli m. • Covers the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies form the 6th thoracic vertebrae to the atlas ```

Question 40

• The longus capitis and the | longus colli

Answer 40

are considered the dorsal border of the cervical visceral space ``` Contains • Trachea • Esophagus • Carotid sheath • Thyroid and parathyroid glands ```