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GA > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Canine / Feline vertebral formula

A 
C7 
T13
L7
S3
Cd ~20-23
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2
Q

Equine verterbral formula

A 
C7
T18
L6
S5
Cd 15-21
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3
Q

Bovine vertebral forumla

A 
C7
T13
L6
S5
Cd 18-20
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4
Q

Common feat of each vertebrae

A

vertebral foramina (vertebral arches and vertebral body)
vertebral notches
spinous processes
articular processes

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5
Q

C1

A

atlas
contain lateral vertebral foramina
articulates with occipital condyles
dorsal surface of ventral arch contains the fovea of the dens
the lateral formina allows for passage of the first cervical spinal nerves

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6
Q

C2

A 
Axis
elongated dorsal spinous process
dens (odontoid process):
a cranioventral peg-like eminence
held down by a transverse ligament
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7
Q

C6

A

higher spinous process

EXPANDED TRANSVERSE PROCESS

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8
Q

C7

A

NO transverse foramina

Highest spinous process of cervical vertebra

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9
Q

Thoracic vertebra

A

have elongated spinous processes
cranial and caudal costal fovea for rib attachment
T11 is anticlinal vertebrae (transitional segment between thoracolumbar region)

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10
Q

Ribs

A

bony and cartilaginous component

1-9 true ribs (connect to sternum) (vertebrosternal)

10-12 articulate with cartilage of cranial ribs (vertebrocartilaginous)

13- floating rib (vertebral)

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11
Q

Rib articulation

A

Heads of ribs 1-10 articulate with cranial costal fovea of same vertebra and caudal costal fovea of the preceding vertebrae

Heads of ribs 11-13 will articulate with same vertebrae (cranial costal fovea)

TUBERCLE OF EACH RIB WILL ARTICULATE WITH THE TRANSVERSE FOVEA OF THE SAME VERTEBRAE

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12
Q

Lumbar

A

longer bodies than thoracic

spinous processes all point cranially toward T11

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13
Q

Sacrum

A

fused in dog
articulates with ilium
sacral promontory is dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet
on dorsal and ventral aspect you have 2 foramina for sacral spinal nerves

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14
Q

Spondylosis Deformans

A

degeneration that is usually seen in older dogs that if severe can cause discomfort
Thoracic lumbar and lumbosacral regions
possible secondary changes to intervertebral disc disease
decreasing motion seen in weak joints

De

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15
Q

Discospondylitis

A 
infection of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc
thoracolumbar and lumbosacral areas
hematogenous spread (goes through bloodstream either a fungus or bacteria) or a local infection (usually due to migrating foreign body)
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16
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

anywhere from 6-23 (dog)
average is 20
hemal arches present to protect the medial caudal artery

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17
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

yellow elastic fibers
attach to caudal part of the spinous process of the axis
extends to the spinous process of T1
not present in Cat
in large animal goes to the NUCHAL CREST OF THE SKULL
in LA has two parts: funicular part (cord-like dorsally located) and laminar part (sheet-like, extends between the dorsal fuicular part and cervical vertebrae)

Synovial bursa are interposed between the funicular part of the nuchal ligament and certain body prominences in the large animal; infections and inflammations of these bursa result in “poll evil” and “fisulous whithers”

18
Q

Ventral longitudinal ligament

A 
located on the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies
From sacrum (s1-s3) to axis (C2)
19
Q

Dorsal Longitudinal ligament

A

located on the dorsal surface of vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord
from caudal vertebra 1 (Cd 1 ) to axis (C2)

20
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

extends from the spinous processes of T1-Cd3

attaches to the apices of the spines

21
Q

sternum

A

unpaired
8 bones
ventral boundary of thorax
joined by cartilage (intersternal cartilage)
manubrium : 1st sternebrae, longer than the rest
xyphoid process: last sternebrae, short and flat, cartilage projecting caudally : xyphoid cartilage

22
Q

Alanto-occipital joint

A

between the atlas and occipital condyles
dorsal and ventral atlanto-occipital membranes: CSF removal
lateral ligament from the lateral dorsal arch to the paracondylar process of the occipital bone
commonly known as the yes joint

23
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

commonly konwn as the no joint
apical ligament of the dens: dens to the basi-occipital bone (near forament magnum)

Alar ligaments: attach dens on either side of apical ligament to the occipital bone

Transverse atlantal ligament: connects one side of the ventral arch to the other. hold dens against ventral arch

24
Q

Atlanto-axial instability

A

uncommon
abnormal movement in the neck
compression of the spinal cord
2 causes: birth defect or trauma

25
Q

intervertebral discs

A

in each intervertebral space (except c1-c2)
composed of annulus fibrosus (outer laminated fibrous ring(
nucleus pulposus (central gelatinous center)
Stress absorber
the degeneration of the annulus fibrosus can lead to IVDD

26
Q

Intervertebral Disc Disease

A

Herniated disc
2 types
compressive and concussive
chondrydystrophic (3-6 years of age, dachshunds)
non chonrodystrophic (5-12 years) labs german shepherds
Calcification of the disc

27
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

connects adjacent vertebral spines

28
Q

yellow ligaments

A

between the arches of the adjacent vertebrae

epidural spaces lies ventral to these ligaments

29
Q

intercapital ligaments

A

from the head of the rib over the intervertebral disc to the head of the opposite rib
the extra support over the disc helps decrease the occurence of disc disease in the thoracic vertebrae

30
Q

costotransverse ligament

A

largest ligament attaching the rib to the vertebrae

31
Q

muscles of the axial skeleton

epaxial

A 
extensors of the vertebral column
found dorsal to the transverse process
iliocostalis
longissimus
transversospinalis

the caudal portions can be indistinguishable

32
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum

A

Ilium to last four or five ribs

33
Q

iliocostalic thoracis

A

12th rib to the 7th cervical vertebrae

34
Q

• Longissimus thoracis et lumborum

A

Ilium to the thoracic vertebrae
• Just medial to the iliocostalis
system

35
Q

• Longissimus cervicis

A

• Cranial continuation into the

neck

36
Q

• Longissimus capitis

A 
• Medial to longissimus cervicis
and splenius
• First 3 thoracic vertebrae to the
mastoid part of the temporal
bone
• United with the splenius
37
Q

• Transversospinalis

A 
Most medial
system
• Sacrum to the head
• Splenius
• Deep to
rhomboideus
capitis and
serratus dorsalis
cranialis
38
Q

• Semispinalis capitis

A

• Biventer cervicis
dorsally
• Complexus
ventrally

39
Q

Hypaxial muscles

A 
• Ventral to the transverse
processes
• Flexors of the vertebral column
• Longus capitis m.
• Lies on the lateral surface of
the cervical vertebrae
• Longus colli m.
• Covers the ventral surfaces of
the vertebral bodies form the
6th thoracic vertebrae to the
atlas
40
Q

• The longus capitis and the

longus colli

A

are considered the
dorsal border of the cervical
visceral space

 Contains
• Trachea
• Esophagus
• Carotid sheath
• Thyroid and parathyroid
glands

GA (2 decks)

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