Axial Skeleton Flashcards
Why is DV preferred over VD for skull radiographs
Manual compression of mandible against table improves symmetry
Which projection is not helpful in brachycephalic dogs and some cats.
Rostrocaudal frontal sinus projection - frontal sinuses are poorly developed/nonpneumatized in some patients
Which projection is not helpful in brachycephalic dogs and some cats.
Rostrocaudal frontal sinus projection - frontal sinuses are poorly developed/nonpneumatized in some patients
What projections are helpful to evaluate tympanic bulla
Open mouthed rostrocaudal
open mouth 20°ventral to dorsal lateral
20°rostral to caudal lateral
Rostral 10° ventral caudodorsal
When to use high kVp low mAs in a skull?
Soft tissue because decreased contrast
Best technique to evaluate bone in skull (high contrast)
High mAs low kVp
When should a grid be used
> 10cm
Technique for equine skull rads
Film-screen
High exposure with short time (less stress on tube and less motion)
Low mAs high kVp
Why is a grid impractical for equine skull rads
Would need too high of an mAs
Grids are heavy
Have to be perpendicular or artifact
What is grid line artifact
When grid is not perpendicular to x-ray beam
When coukd a VD or flexed views be avoided in the spine
Fractures or luxations
Ways to falsely narrow a disc space
Beam divergence, edge of film and not enough centering spots
Rotation or “sagging”
Small animal spinal technique
Max expiration - decrease motion
High kVp low mAs
What incidental breed related spinal abnormality may cause increased risk of herniation
Transitional vertebra LS - sacralization of L7 transverse process
Biggest influence on axial skeleton interpretation
Breed variance
Congenital anomalies
