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Top Ops Grade 2 Definitions > AWWA Water Treatment Grade 2 Definitions > Flashcards

AWWA Water Treatment Grade 2 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Using the chemical symbols for each element, a shorthand way of writing what elements are present in a molecule and how many atoms of each element are present in each of the molecules.

A

Chemical Formula

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2
Q

The proportion calculated as a percentage, of each molecule in a compound.

A

Percent by Weight

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3
Q

The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the compound.
Also called the formula weight.

A

Molecular Weight

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4
Q

A shorthand way, using chemical formulas, of writing the reaction that takes place when chemicals are brought together.
The left side of the equation indicates the chemicals brought together (reactants); the arrow indicates in which direction the reaction occurs; and the right side of the equation indicates the results (the products) of the chemical reaction.

A

Chemical Equation

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5
Q

An indication of the relative number of molecules of the compound that are involved in the chemical reaction.

A

Coefficient

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6
Q

The quantity of a compound or element that has a weight in grams equal to the substance’s molecular or atomic weight.

A

Mole

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7
Q

The weight of a compound that contains one equivalent of a proton (for acids) or one equivalent of a hydroxide (for bases).
The equivalent weight can be calculated by dividing the molecular weight of a compound by the number of H+ or OH- present in the compound.

A

Equivalent Weight

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8
Q

The number of equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution.

A

Normality

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9
Q

A liquid containing a dissolved substance.
The liquid alone is called the solvent and the dissolved substance is called the solute.
Together, they are called a _______.

A

Solution

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10
Q

In chemistry, a measurement of how much solute is contained in a given amount of solution.
These are commonly measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L).

A

Concentration

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11
Q

A measurement of the amount of treated water produced by a plant each day.
It is the average of the actual daily flows that occur within a period of time, such as a week, a month, or a year.
Mathematically, it is the sum of all the daily flows divided by the total number of daily flows used.

A

Average Daily Flow (ADF)

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12
Q

A measurement of the amount of water leaving a sedimentation basin per unit of basin surface area.
Mathematically, it is the flow rate from the basin divided by the basin surface area.

A

Surface Overflow Rate

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13
Q

A measurement of the flow rate of water over each foot of weir in a sedimentation basin or circular clarifier.
Mathematically, it is the flow rate over the weir divided by the total length of the weir.

A

Weir Overflow Rate

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14
Q

A measurement of the volume of water applied to each unit of filter surface area.
Mathematically, it is the flow rate into the filter divided by the total filter area.

A

Filter Loading Rate

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15
Q

A measurement of the volume of water flowing upward (backwards) through a unit of filter surface area.
Mathematically, it is the backwash flow rate divided by total filter area.

A

Filter Backwash Rate

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16
Q

An accumulation of media grains and suspended material that creates clogging problems in filters.

A

Mudball

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17
Q

The average length of time a drop of water or a suspended particle remains in a tank or chamber.
Mathematically, it is the volume of water in the tank divided by the flow rate through the tank.
The units of flow rate used in the calculation are dependent on whether the time is calculated in minutes, hours, or days.

A

Detention Time

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18
Q

The force pushing on a unit of area; normally measured in pascals (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi), or feet of head.

A

Pressure

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19
Q

A measure of pressure.

A

Pounds per Square Inch (psi)

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20
Q
  1. A measure of the energy possessed by water at a given location in the water system, expressed in feet (or meters).
  2. A measure of pressure (force) exerted by water, expressed in feet (or meters).
A

Head (pressure)

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21
Q

Total water pressure (absolute pressure) that includes the atmospheric pressure (about 14.7 psi at sea level) exerted on water.
However, since atmospheric pressure is exerted everywhere (against the outside of the main as well as the inside, for example), it is generally not written into water system calculations.

A

Gauge Pressure (psig)

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22
Q

The total pressure in a system, including both the pressure of the water and the pressure of the atmosphere (about 14.7 psi, at sea level).

A

Absolute Pressure

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23
Q

A flow rate of water measured at on particular instant, such as by a metering device, involving a cross sectional area of the channel or pipe and the velocity of the water at that instant.

A

Instantaneous Flow Rate

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24
Q

The average of the instantaneous flow rates over a given period of time, such as a day.

A

Average Flow Rate

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25
Q

A US government agency responsible for implementing federal laws designed to protect the environment.
Congress has delegated implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act to this agency.

A

US Environmental Protection Agency USEPA)

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26
Q

Non-enforceable health-based goals published along with the promulgation of an MCL.
Originally called recommended maximum contaminant levels (RMCLs).

A

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)

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27
Q

The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water as specified in the regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

A

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)

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28
Q

A new chemical compound formed by the reaction of disinfectants with organic matter in water.
At high concentrations, many of these are considered a danger to human health.

A

Disinfection By-Product (DBPs)

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29
Q

The average of four quarterly samples at each monitoring location to ensure compliance with the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Product Rule (Stage 1 DBPR).

A

Running Annual Average (RAA)

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30
Q

The product of the residual disinfectant concentration C, in milligrams per liter, and the corresponding disinfectant time T, in minutes.
Minimum values are specified by the Surface Water Treatment Rule as a means of ensuring adequate kill or inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in water.

A

C x T Value

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31
Q

The water treatment process that causes very small, suspended particles to attract one another and form larger particles.
This is accomplished by the addition of a chemical that neutralizes the electrostatic charges on particles that cause them to repel each other.

A

Coagulation

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32
Q

The water treatment process, following coagulation, that uses gentle stirring to bring suspended particles together so they will form larger, more settleable clumps called floc.

A

Flocculation

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33
Q

A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.
The scale runs from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic).
The center of the range (7) indicates that the substance is neutral, neither acidic or basic.

A

pH

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34
Q

A measurement of a water’s ability to neutralize an acid.

A

Alkalinity

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35
Q

A physical characteristic of water that makes the water appear cloudy.
The condition is caused by the presence of suspended matter in the water.

A

Turbidity

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36
Q

A test that determines humic content by measuring the absorbance of UV light at 254 nm and divides that value by the dissolved organic carbon concentration.

A

Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA)

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36
Q

The amount of carbon bound in organic compounds in a water sample as determined by a standard laboratory test.

A

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

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37
Q

The water treatment process that involves reducing the velocity of water in basins so that the suspended material can settle out by gravity.

A

Sedimentation

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38
Q

A basin or tank in which water is retained to allow settleable matter, such as floc, to settle by gravity.

A

Sedimentation Basin
(Also called a Settling Basin, Settling Tank, or a Sedimentation Tank)

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39
Q

Water flowing into a basin.

A

Influent

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40
Q

Water flowing from a basin.

A

Effluent

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41
Q

The accumulated solids separated from water during treatment.

A

Sludge

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42
Q

Uniform flow in a horizontal direction.

A

Rectilinear Flow

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43
Q

Flow that moves across a basin from the center to the outside or vice versa.

A

Radial Flow

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44
Q

A basin in which the coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes are combined.
The water flows upward through the basin and is used primarily in the lime softening of water.

A

Solids-Contact Basin
(Also called an upflow clarifier or sludge-blanket clarifier)

44
Q

A clarification process in which gas bubbles are generated so that they will attach to solid particles, causing them to rise to the surface.
The sludge that accumulates on the surface is then periodically removed by flooding or mechanical scraping.

A

Dissolved-Air Flotation (DAF)

45
Q

The concrete or steel basin that contains the filter media, gravel support bed, underdrain, and wash-water troughs.

A

Filter Tank or Filter Basin

46
Q

Granular media through which material is collected and stored when water passes through it.

A

Filter Media

47
Q

A filter underdrain system using a main pipe (header) with several smaller perforated pipes (lateral) branching out from it on both sides.

A

Pipe Lateral Collector

48
Q

A patented underdrain system using small porcelain spheres of various sizes in conical depressions.

A

Wheeler Filter Bottom

49
Q

A trough placed above the filter media to collect the backwash water and carry it to the drainage system.

A

Wash-Water Trough

50
Q

The practice of admitting air through the underdrain system to ensure complete cleaning of media during normal backwashing.
Normally, an alternative to using a surface wash system.

A

Air Scouring

51
Q

a control valve used to maintain a fairly constant flow through the filter.

A

Rate-of-Flow Controller

52
Q

A device that measures the amount of suspended particulate matter in water.

A

Turbidimeter

53
Q

Collections of smaller particles (such as silt, organic matter, and microorganisms) that have come together (agglomerated) into larger, more settleable particles as a result of the coagulation-flocculation process.

A

Floc

54
Q

High-molecular weight, synthetic organic compound that is used to aid in the coagulation and flocculation process.

A

Polymer

55
Q

The violent washing action in a filter caused by uneven distribution of backwash water.

A

Sand Boil

56
Q

A measurement (in millivolts) of the particle charge strength surrounding colloidal solids.
The more negative the number, the stronger the particle charge and the repelling force between particles.

A

Zeta Potential

57
Q

A condition that occurs in filters when air comes out of solution as a result of pressure decreases and temperature increases.
Air clogs the voids between the media grains, which causes increased head loss through the filter and shorter filter runs.

A

Air Binding

58
Q

A pressure filter using a medium made from diatoms.
The water is forced through the medium by pumping.

A

Diatomaceous Earth Filter

59
Q

A reusable, welded tank that holds 2,000 lbs (910 kg) of chlorine.
Thes tanks weigh about 3,700 lbs (1,700 kg) when full and are generally 30-inches (0.76 m) in diameter and 80-inches long.

A

Ton Container

59
Q

A container that holds 150 lbs (68 kg) of chlorine and has a total filled weight of 250-285 lbs (110-130 kg).

A

Chlorine Cylinder

60
Q

Any device that is used to add chlorine to water.

A

Chlorinator

61
Q

The portion of a chlorination system that feeds the chlorine solution into a pipe under pressure.

A

Injector

62
Q

A section of perforated pipe or porous plates used to inject a gas, such as carbon dioxide or air, under pressure into water.

A

Diffuser

63
Q

Chlorination using solutions of calcium or sodium hypochlorite.

A

Hypochlorinator

64
Q

An abundant element found naturally in the earth and as a result, it is found dissolved in most water supplies.
When the concentration exceeds 0.3 mg/L, it causes red stains on plumbing fixtures and other items in contact with the water.
This element can be present dissolved in water as a result of corrosion of cast-iron or steel pipes.
This is usually the cause of red-water problems.

A

Iron

65
Q

An abundant element found naturally in the earth and dissolved in many water supplies.
At concentrations above 0.05 mg/L, it causes black stains on plumbing fixtures, laundry, and other items in contact with the water.

A

Manganese

66
Q

Materials used to filter raw water, including sand, crushed quartz, garnet sand, manganese greensand, and filter coal, typically ranges in sizes from 0.25 mm to 1.20 mm, though some sizes can be smaller or larger than this range.

A

Granular Filter Media

67
Q

A piece of equipment that feeds a sodium fluoride solution into water for fluoridation.
A layer of sodium fluoride is placed in a plastic tank and the water is allowed to trickle through the layer, forming a solution of constant concentration that is fed to the water system.

A

Saturator

68
Q

A procedure used to determine the concentration of fluoride ion in water; a color change takes place following the addition of a chemical reagent.

A

SPADNS Method

69
Q

A single water sample collected at one time from a single point.

A

Grab Sample

70
Q

A series of individual or grab samples taken at different times from the same sampling point and mixed together.

A

Composite Sample

71
Q

A plan for a laboratory operation that specifies the measures used to produce data of known precision and bias.

A

Quality Assurance (QA)

72
Q

A laboratory program of continually checking techniques and calibrating instruments to ensure consistency in analytical results.

A

Quality Control (QC)

73
Q

An instrument that measures a continuous sample of coagulated water.
The measurement is similar in theory to zeta potential determination and provides a reading that can be used to optimize chemical application.

A

Streaming Current Detector

74
Q

A laboratory procedure for evaluating coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes.
This is used to estimate proper coagulant dosage.

A

Jar Test

75
Q

The most common chemical used for coagulation.

A

Alum (Aluminum Sulfate)

76
Q

The gradual deterioration of a substance or material by chemical action.
The action proceeds inward from the surface.

A

Corrosion

77
Q

Metal deposits left in pipelines and plumbing fixtures.

A

Scaling

78
Q

The water treatment process intended to reduce the corrosive or scale-forming tendencies of water.

A

Stabilization

79
Q

A knob of rust formed on the interior of cast-iron pipes as a result of corrosion.

A

Tubercle

80
Q

Oxidized iron.

A

Rust

81
Q

Another name for calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2, which is used in water softening and stabilization.

A

Hydrated Lime
(Also called Slaked Lime)

82
Q

Another name for calcium oxide (CaO), which is used in water softening and stabilization.

A

Quicklime
(Also called Unslaked Lime)

83
Q

The lime slurry formed when water is mixed with calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime or unslaked lime).

A

Milk of Lime

84
Q

A conical tank, filled about halfway with calcium carbonate granules, in which softening takes place quite rapidly as water passes through the unit.

A

Pellet Reactor

85
Q

The reintroduction of carbon dioxide into the water, either during or after lime-soda ash softening, to lower the pH of the water.

A

Recarbonization

86
Q

A process used to remove hardness from water that depends on special materials known as resins.
The resins trade the nonhardness-causing ions (usually sodium) for the hardness-causing ions, calcium and magnesium.
The process practically removes all of the hardness from water.

A

Ion Exchange

87
Q

The process of reversing the ion exchange softening reaction of ion exchange materials.
Hardness ions are removed and replaces with non-troublesome ions, thus rendering the materials fit for reuse in the softening process.

A

Regeneration

88
Q

In water treatment, the synthetic, bead-like material used in the ion exchange process.

A

Resin

89
Q

A positive ion.

A

Cation

90
Q

A negative ion.

A

Anion

91
Q

Ion exchange involving ions that have negative charges, such as chloride.

A

Anion Exchange

92
Q

The chemical compound aluminum oxide, which is used to remove fluoride and arsenic from water by adsorption.

A

Activated Alumina (AA)

93
Q

The water treatment process used primarily to remove organic contaminants from water.
This process involves the adhesion of the contaminants to the adsorbent, such as activated carbon.

A

Adsorption

94
Q

Any material, such as activated carbon, used to adsorb substances from water.

A

Adsorbent

95
Q

Activated carbon in a fine powder form.
It is added to water in a slurry form primarily removing those organic compounds that cause tastes and odors.

A

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)

96
Q

Activated carbon which is used in a bed, much like a conventional filter, to adsorb organic substances from water.

A

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)

97
Q

The volume of the tank holding an activated carbon bed, divided by the flow rate of water.
This is expressed in minutes and corresponds to the detention time in a GAC bed.

A

Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT)

98
Q

The process of bringing water in close contact with air to remove or modify constituents in the water.

A

Aeration

99
Q

A cylindrical tank containing packing material, with water distributed at the top and airflow introduced from the bottom by a blower.
Commonly referred to as an air stripper.

A

Packed Tower Aeration

100
Q

Thae ratio of the volume of product water, or permeate produced, to raw water treated.

A

Recovery

101
Q

A pressure-driven process in which almost-pure water is passed through a semipermeable membrane.
Water is forced through the membrane and most ions (salts) are left behind.
This process is primarily used for the desalination of sea water.

A

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

102
Q

Raw water that has undergone pretreatment (acidification or scale inhibitor addition) prior to entering the membrane arrays.

A

Feedwater

103
Q

The disposal of sludge by transporting it to a lagoon.

A

Lagooning

104
Q

A process to remove a portion of water from sludge.

A

Dewatering (Sludge)

105
Q

To draw off the liquid from a basin or tank without stirring up the sediment in the bottom.

A

Decanting

106
Q

A pump that consists of an impeller on a rotating shaft enclosed by a casing that has suction and discharge connections.
The spinning impeller throws water outward at a high velocity, and the casing shape converts this high velocity to high pressure.

A

Centrifugal Pump

107
Q

The rotating set of vanes that forces water through a pump.

A

Impeller

108
Q

A product description listing a chemical’s identity, composition, and type or types; the hazard(s) associated with its use; how it enters the body; the effects of exposure; health effects (short term and long term); the permissible exposure limit; how to handle spills or releases; and other related information.

A

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
(or Safety Data Sheet - SDS)

109
Q

A type of respirator that supplies safe, grade D (or better) breathing air to the wearer.

A

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Top Ops Grade 2 Definitions (1 decks)

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