AWL EXL Flashcards
Frequency
Word & Definition
analyse v.
separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure
approach v.
come near or nearer to in space or time
area n.
extent or measurement of a surface
assess v. ~
sth decide or fix the amount of sth
assume v.
accept as true before there is proof
authority n.
power to give orders and make others obey
available adj.
that can be used or obtained
benefit n.
profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)
concept n. ~
idea underlying sth; general notion
consist v. (phr v)
consist of sth be composed or made up of sth
constitute v. (fml )
make up or form (a whole); be the components of
1
context writings preceding and following passage quoted
contract n. ~
(for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing
create v.
cause to exist; make (sth new or original)
data n.
facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth
define v.
~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)
derive v.
~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth
distribute v.
~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing
economy n.
avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)
environment n
. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people’s lives
establish v.
set up on a firm or permanent basis
estimate n
judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth
evident adj
. ~ (that…) obvious (to the eye or mind); clear
export n.
exporting
factor n.
fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a result
finance n.
management of money
1
formula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of
1
function n. special activity or purpose of a person or thing
1
identify v. ~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is; recognize sb/sth (as being the specified person or thing)
1
individual adj. single; separate
1
interpret v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable)
1
involve v. make necessary as a condition or result; entail
1
issue n. outgoing; outflow
1
labour n. physicalor mental work
1
legal adj. of or based on the law
1
legislate v. ~ make laws
1
major adj. important; great(er)
1
method n. way
1
occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happen
1
percent
1
period n. length or portion of time
1
policy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, political party, business, etc
1
principle n. basic general truth that underlies sth
1
proceed v. ~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go on
1
process n. series of actions or operations performed in order to do, make or achieve sth
1
require v. depend on (sb/sth) for success, fulfilment, etc; need
1
research n. ~ (on sb) careful study or investigation, esp in order to discover new facts or information
1
respond v. ~ (with sth) give a verbal or written answer
1
role n. actor’s part in a play
1
section n. any of the parts into which sth may be or has been divided
1
sector n. part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference .
1
significant adj. having a meaning, esp one that is immediately obvious
1
similar adj. ~ resembling sb/sth but not the same; alike
1
source n. starting-point of a river
1
specific adj. detailed, precise and exact
1
structure n. way in which sth is put together, organized, built, etc
1
theory n. set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts or events
1
vary v. ~ (in sth) be different in size, volume, strength, etc
2
achieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc
2
acquire v. gain (sth) by one’s own ability, efforts or behaviour
2
administrate v. to administer
2
affect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on
2
appropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and proper
2
aspect n. particular part or feature of sth being considered
2
assist v. ~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) help
2
chapter n. (usu numbered) division of a book
2
commission n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to do
2
community n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole
2
complex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts
2
compute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computer
2
conclude v. ~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end
2
conduct n. person’s behaviour
2
consequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect
2
construct v. build (sth); put or fit together; form
2
consume v. use (sth) up
2
credit n. permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system of paying in this way
2
culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc
2
design n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made
2
distinct adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite
2
element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth
2
equate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)
2
evaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assess
2
feature n. one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes) which together form its appearance
2
final adj. of the end; coming last
2
focus n. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which they appear to come
2
impact n. hitting of one object against another
2
injure v. hurt (sb); harm
2
institute n. society or organization for a special (usu social, professional or educational) purpose
2
invest v. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest or bring profit
2
item n. single article or unit in a list, etc
2
journal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject
2
maintain v. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etc
2
normal adj. in accordance with what is typical, usual or regular
2
obtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc)
2
participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity)
2
perceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe
2
positive adj. with no possibility of doubt; clear and definite
2
potential adj. that can or may come into existence; possible
2
previous adj. coming before in time or order
2
primary adj. earliest in time or order of development
2
purchase n. (action of) buying sth
2
range n. connected line or row of mountains, hills, etc
2
region n. part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definite boundaries or characteristicfeatures
2
regulate v. control or direct by means of rules and restrictions
2
relevant adj. ~ (to sth/sb)connected with what is being discussed, what is happening,what is being done, etc
2
reside v. ~ (in/at…) have one’s home (in a certain place); live
2
resource n. supply of raw materials, etc which bring a country, person, etc wealth
2
restrict v. ~ sb/sth (to sth) put a limit on sb/sth
2
secure adj. ~ not feeling worry, doubt, etc
2
seek v. ~ (after/for sth) look (for sth); try to find or obtain (sth)
2
select v. ~ sb/sth choose sb/sth, esp as being the best or most suitable
2
site n. place where a building, town, etc was, is, or will be situated
2
strategy n. planning and directing an operation in a war or campaign
2
survey v. look carefully at all of (sth/sb), esp from a distance
2
text n. main written or printed part of a book or page
2
tradition n. passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the next, esp without writing
2
transfer v. ~ sth/sb (from…) (to…) move sth/sb from one place to another
3
alter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc
3
circumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action
3
comment n. ~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)
3
compensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury, etc;
3
component n. any of the parts of which sth is made
3
consent v. ~ give agreement or permission
3
considerable adj. great in amount or size
3
constant adj. going on all the time; happening again and again
3
constrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by force
3
contribute v. ~ (to/towards sth) give one’s share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause
3
convene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)
3
coordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation
3
correspond v. ~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each other
3
criteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judged
3
deduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth
3
demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence
3
document n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth
3
dominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)
3
emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance
3
ensure v. make sure; guarantee
3
exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out
3
framework n. structure giving shape and support
3
fund n. sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
3
illustrate v. supply with pictures, diagrams, etc
3
immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanently
3
imply v. suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly; hint
3
initial adj. of or at the beginning; first
3
instance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example; case
3
interact v. ~ act or have an effect on each other
3
justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or just
3
layer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division
3
link n. one ring or loop of a chain
3
locate v. discover the exact position or place of
3
maximise [ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible; increase to a maximum
3
minor adj. smaller, less serious, less important, etc
3
negate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth)
3
outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc)
3
partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a business
3
philosophy n. search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life
3
physical adj. of or concerning material things
3
proportion n. comparative part or share of a whole; fraction
3
publish v. prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (a book, periodical, etc)
3
react v. ~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respond
3
register n. official list or record of names, items, attendances, etc
3
rely v. (pt, pp relied) ~ on/upon sb/sth (to do sth) count or depend on sb/sth
3
remove v. ~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another
3
scheme n. ~ plan for doing or organizing sth
3
sequence n. set of events, numbers, actions, etc with each following the one before continuously or in a particular order
3
sex n. condition of being male or female; gender
3
shift v. ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (from…/to…); ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (about/around) (cause sth/sb/oneself to) change or move from one position or direction to another [/]
3
specify v. (esp fml ) state or name clearly and definitely (details, materials, etc)
3
sufficient adj. ~ enough
3
task n. piece of work that has to be done
3
technical adj. of or involving the mechanical arts and applied sciences
3
technique n. method of doing or performing sth, esp in the arts or sciences
3
technology n. scientificstudy and use of mechanical arts and applied sciences, eg engineering
3
valid adj. legally effective because made or done with the correct formalities
3
volume n. book, esp one of a matching set or a series
4
access n. ~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way in
4
adequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient
4
annual adj. happening every year
4
apparent adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious
4
approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely so
4
attitude n. ~ way of thinking or behaving
4
attribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sth
4
civil adj. of or relating to the citizens of a country
4
code n. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information briefly
4
commit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)
4
communicate v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sth
4
concentrate v. ~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one’s attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things
4
confer v. ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)
4
contrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clear
4
cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order
4
debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote
4
despite prep without being affected by
4
dimension n. measurement of any sort
4
domestic adj. of the home, household or family
4
emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc)
4
error n. thing done wrongly; mistake
4
ethnic adj. of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition
4
goal n. (in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar, between which the ball has to be kicked, hit, etc in order to score
4
grant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for)
4
hence adv. from this time
4
hypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigation
4
implement n. tool or instrument
4
implicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crime
4
impose v. ~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sth
4
integrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth else
4
internal adj. of or on the inside
4
investigate v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truth
4
job n. the patience of job
4
label n. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc
4
mechanism n. working parts of a machine, etc
4
obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clear
4
occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)
4
option n. power or freedom of choosing; choice
4
output n. quantity of goods, etc produced
4
overall adj. including everything; total
4
parallel adj. (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point
4
parameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases
4
phase n. stage in a process of change or development
4
predict v. say in advance that will happen; forecast
4
principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; main
4
prior adj. coming before in time, order or importance
4
professional adj. of or belonging to a profession
4
project n. scheme or undertaking
4
promote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER
4
regime n. method or system of government
4
resolve v. ~ on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine
4
retain v. keep (sth) in one’s possession or use
4
series n. number of things, events, etc of a similar kind, esp. placed or occurring one after another
4
statistic n. item of information expressed in numbers
4
status n. person’s social, legal or professional position or rank in relation to others
4
stress n. mental or physical distress, difficult circumstances, etc
4
subsequent adj. later; following
4
sum n. arithmetical calculation
4
summary n. brief statement of themain points of sth
4
undertake v. (fml ) (start to) make oneself responsible for (sth)
5
academy n. school for special training
5
adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrange
5
alternative adj. available in place of sth else; other
5
amend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly
5
aware adj. ~ of sb/sth; ~ that… having knowledge or realization of sb/sth
5
capacity n. ability to hold or contain sth
5
challenge n. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etc
5
clause n. group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence
5
compound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together
5
conflict n. struggle; fight
5
consult v. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc
5
contact n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)
5
decline v. say `no’ to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely
5
discrete adj. separate; distinct
5
draft n. rough preliminary written version of sth
5
enable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or means
5
energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagerness
5
enforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective
5
entity n. thing with distinct and real existence
5
equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc
5
evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually
5
expand v. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance
5
expose v. uncover or make (sth) visible; display
5
external adj. outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body)
5
facilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not of a person) make (sth) easy or less difficult
5
fundamental adj. of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essential
5
generate v. cause to exist or occur; produce
5
generation n. production
5
image n. copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made in stone or wood; statue
5
liberal adj. tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudice
5
licence n. official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth
5
logic n. science of reasoning
5
margin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a page
5
medical adj. of the art of medicine; of curing disease
5
mental adj. of, in or to the mind
5
modify v. change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or to improve it
5
monitor n. device used to observe, record or test sth
5
network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach other
5
notion n. ~ idea or belief; concept
5
objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fair
5
orient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China)
5
perspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other
5
precise adj. stated clearly andaccurately
5
prime adj. most important; chief; fundamental
5
psychology n. science or study of the mind and how it functions
5
pursue v. follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase ,
5
ratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one contains the other
5
reject v. refuse to accept
5
revenue n. income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc
5
stable adj. firmly established or fixed; not likely to move or change
5
style n. manner of writing or speaking, esp contrasted with what is actually written or said
5
substitute n. ~ person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb or sth else
5
sustain v. bear (weight) without breaking or falling
5
symbol n. ~ image, object, etc that suggests or refers to sth else; emblem
5
target n. object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc; disc marked with concentric circles for this purpose in archery ; .
5
transit n. process of going or being taken or transported from one place to another
5
trend n. general tendency or direction
5
version n. account of an event, etc from the point of view of one person
5
welfare n. good health, happiness, prosperity, etc of a person or group
5
whereas conj taking into consideration the fact that …
6
abstract adj. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence
6
accurate adj. free from error
6
acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)
6
aggregate v. ~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount
6
allocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purpose
6
assign v. ~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used
6
attach v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)
6
author n. writer of a book, play, etc
6
bond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant
6
brief adj. lasting only a short time; short
6
capable adj. having ability; able; competent
6
cite quote; commend
6
cooperate to work or act together
6
discriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)
6
display v. ~ sth put sth on show
6
diverse adj. of different kinds; varied
6
domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etc
6
edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine
6
enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better
6
estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner
6
exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)
6
expert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular field
6
explicit adj. (of a statement, etc) clearly and fully expressed
6
federal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional government
6
fee n. (usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service, eg to private teachers, doctors, etc
6
flexible adj. that can bend easily without breaking
6
furthermore adv. in addition; moreover ;
6
gender n. (in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or feminine
6
ignorant adj. ~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking education or information; unaware
6
incentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulus
6
incidence n. ~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effect
6
incorporate v. ~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; include
6
index n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical order
6
inhibit v. ~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to do
6
initiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begin
6
input n. ~ action of putting sth in
6
instruct to direct to do something; order
6
intelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mental ability
6
interval n. ~ time between two events
6
lecture n. ~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of a teaching programme
6
migrate v. ~ (to…) move from one place to go to live or work in another
6
minimum n. least or smallest amount, degree, etc possible
6
ministry n. (buildings containing a) government department
6
motive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reason
6
neutral adj. not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartial
6
nevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still
6
overseas adj. across the sea; foreign
6
precede v. come or go before in time, order, rank, etc
6
presume v. suppose to be true; take (sth) for granted
6
rational adj. able to reason
6
recover v. ~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regain possession of sth
6
reveal v. ~ sth make (facts, etc) known
6
scope n. ~ opportunity to do or achieve sth
6
subsidy n. money paid, esp by a government, to help an industry, to support the arts, to keep prices down, etc
6
tape n. narrow strip of material used for tying, fastening or labelling things
6
trace n. mark, track, sign, etc showing what has existed or happened
6
transform v. ~ sth/sb (into sth) completely change the appearance or character of sth/sb
6
transport v. ~ sth/sb (to…) take sth/sb from one place to another in a vehicle
6
underlie v. lie or exist beneath (sth)
6
utilise vt. (=utilize) to put to use, especially to find a profitable or practical use for
7
adapt v. ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth
7
adult adj. grown to full size or strength
7
advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support
7
aid n. help
7
channel n. sunken bed of a river, stream or canal
7
chemical adj. of or relating to chemistry
7
classic adj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance
7
comprehensive adj. that includes everything
7
comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up of
7
confirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of
7
contrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or direction
7
convert v. ~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another
7
couple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman together
7
decade n. period of ten years
7
definite adj. clear; not doubtful
7
deny v. say that (sth) is not true
7
differentiate v. ~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different (from sth else)
7
dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange
7
dynamic adj. of power or forces that produce movement
7
eliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)
7
empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theory
7
equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose)
7
extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by force
7
file n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substances
7
finite adj. having bounds; limited; not infinite
7
foundation n. act of founding
7
globe n. small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries, rivers, cities, etc
7
grade n. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classification
7
guarantee n. ~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled
7
hierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest
7
identical adj. the ~ the same
7
ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group or person
7
infer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth
7
innovate v. make changes; introduce new things
7
insert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two things
7
intervene v. (of time) come or be between
7
isolate v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ;
7
media n. mass means of communication, eg TV, radio, newspapers
7
mode n. ~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is done
7
paradigm n. set of all the different forms of a word
7
phenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses
7
priority n. ~ (state of) being more important (in rank)
7
prohibit v. ~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sth or sb from doing sth esp by laws, rules or regulations
7
publication n. action of making a book or periodical, available to the public
7
quote v. ~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (words previously said or written by another person)
7
release v. ~ sb/sth (from sth) allow (a person or an animal) to go; set free or liberate sb/sth ;
7
reverse adj. ~ contrary or opposite to what is expected
7
simulate v. pretend to have or feel
7
sole n. flat sea-fish that is eaten as food
7
somewhat indef adv to some degree; rather
7
submit v. ~ (to sb/sth) accept the control, superior strength, etc (of sb/sth); yield (to sb/sth) ; ,
7
successor n. ~ person or thing that comes after and takes the place of (sb/sth)
7
survive v. ~ ~ (on sth) continue to live or exist
7
thesis n. statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments
7
topic n. subject of a discussion, talk, programme, written work, etc
7
transmit To send trough or across.
7
ultimate adj. beyond which no other exists or is possible; last or final
7
unique adj. being the only one of its type
7
visible adj. ~ that can be seen; in sight
7
voluntary adj. acting,done or given willingly
8
abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desert
8
accompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escort
8
accumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this way
8
ambiguous adj. having more than one possible meaning
8
append v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)
8
appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly
8
arbitrary adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reason
8
automate v. cause to operate by automation
8
bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudice
8
chart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etc
8
clarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understand
8
commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the home
8
complement n. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it complete
8
conform v. ~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)
8
contemporary adj. ~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time
8
contradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth
8
crucial adj. ~ very important; decisive
8
currency n. money system in use in a country
8
denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer to
8
detect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present
8
deviate v. ~ from sth stop following
8
displace v. move from the usual or correct place
8
drama n. play for the theatre, radio or TV
8
eventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimate
8
exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum
8
exploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action
8
fluctuate v. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularly
8
guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio
8
highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of something
8
implicit adj. ~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicit
8
induce v. persuade or influence (sb) to do sth
8
inevitable adj. that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happen
8
infrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basis of a system, an organization or an enterprise (eg of an army) ,
8
inspect v. examine (sth) closely
8
intense adj. (of sensations) very great or severe; extreme
8
manipulate v. control or handle with skill
8
minimise [ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possible degree or amount
8
nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom
8
offset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth
8
paragraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealing with a single theme and starting on a new line
8
plus prep with the addition of
8
practitioner n. person who practises a skill or an art
8
predominant adj. having more power or influence than others
8
prospect n. (dated ) wide view of a landscape, etc
8
radical adj. of or from the root or base; fundamental
8
random adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice; haphazard
8
reinforce v. make stronger by adding material, etc
8
restore v. ~ sth (fml ) give back (sth lost, etc) to its owner
8
revise v. re-examine (sth), esp in order to correct or improve it
8
schedule n. programme of work to be done or of planned events
8
tense adj. stretched tightly; taut ;
8
terminate v. come to an end or bring (sth) to an end
8
theme n. subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a person’s thoughts; topic
8
thereby adv. by that means
8
uniform adj. not changing in form or character; unvarying
8
vehicle n. conveyance such as a car, lorry or cart used for transporting goods or passengers on land
8
via prep by way of (sth); through
8
virtual adj. being or acting as what is described, but not accepted as such in name or officially
8
visual adj. concerned with or used in seeing
8
widespread extending over a wide area
9
accommodate v. provide lodging or room for
9
analogy n. ~ partial similarity between two things that are compared
9
anticipate v. expect
9
assure v. tell (sb) positively or confidently
9
attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieve
9
behalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb’s behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb’s behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sb
9
bulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when great
9
cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stop
9
coherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clear
9
coincide v. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else
9
commence v. begin (sth); start
9
compatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist together
9
concurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same time
9
confine v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted space
9
controversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagree with
9
converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talk
9
device n. thing made or adapted for a special purpose
9
devote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;
9
diminish v. become smaller or less; decrease
9
distort v. pull or twist out of its usual shape
9
duration n. time during which sth lasts or continues
9
erode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually
9
ethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conduct
9
format n. shape, size, binding, etc of a book
