AWB midterm Flashcards
dr. william key
former slave, self taught vet
“be kind to animals”
effects of industrialization on animal welfare
production, efficiency, cheap inc
inc disease transmission and welfare issues
vaccination, abx
what act?
only federal legislation protecting farmed animals (except poultry) - animal must be completely sedated and insensitive to pain from slaughter
human methods of slaughter act (US)
ruth harrison and 1960 public concern led to
Brambell Report (UK)
Brambell 5 Freedoms
farm animal welfare advisory committee
Lab animal welfare act
5 freedoms
from hunger and thirst
from discomfort
from pain, injury and disease
to express normal behavior
from fear and distress
1st federal US law regarding animals used for research, breeding etc
defined minimum standards of care, ID req. for dogs/cats, dealers needed to be licensed, labs must be registered
laboratory animal welfare act - later renamed animal welfare act
three Rs
replacement
refinement
reduction
replacement
alternatives to animal use
refinement
minimize animals’ pain and distress by improving techniques
reduction
reduce # of animals used
peter singer
“speciesism”
bernie rollin
“telos”
began first veterinary ethics course at CSU
temple grandin
one of first scientists to disc. stress in handling animals; objective scoring systems to assess welfare during handling, slaughter
animal welfare act 2002 amendment
changed definition of “animal” to exclude birds, rats and mice bred for use in research
UK 5 animal welfare needs
for suitable environment
for suitable diet/nutrition
to be able to exhibit normal behavior patterns
to be housed with, or apart from, other animals
to be protected from pain, suffering, injury, disease
Ag-gag laws
makes illegal to take pics inside production animal facilities - only passes in a few states
2010 update to veterinarian oath
added responsibility for welfare and prevention of suffering
addresses the legal and moral standing of animals in society
animal rights
state of an animal at a certain time
quality of an animal’s life as experienced by the animal
how an animal is coping with its environment
animal welfare
3 circles of welfare
functioning (physical)
affective states (mental)
natural living
functioning/physical circle
physical factors that indicate health and physical fitness
affective/mental circle
absence of negative and presence of positive feelings
natural living circle
environment allows animals to perform certain highly motivated innate behaviors typical of their species
welfare inputs
management, environmental and risk factor resources available to animal
“resource based”
welfare outputs
outcomes related to the animal, how inputs affect the animal - disease, behavior, physiology
“animal based”
5 welfare domains
nutrition
environment
health
behavior
mental state
minimum measurable species specific management criteria at which animals are raised
welfare standard
a positive declaration intended to give confidence
assurance
a method of maintaining a certain level of quality or preventing defects to provide accurate confidence that an entity will fulfill requirements for quality
quality assurance
document that contains recommended info on how to perform different procedures, treatments, etc
guideline
the action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting to a status or level of achievement
certification
assessment conducted by a 2nd or 3rd party of how animals are managed in terms of the welfare guidelines and standards set using an organization’s audit took
assessment/certification program
a person or group affiliated with a company that is affected by the outcomes of the company actions
2nd party
a person or organization independent of consumer-supplier relationship; no conflict of interest
3rd party
a person or organization with an investment, interest, concern in business
stakeholder
official inspection of an animal production related facility, typically by an independent body
audit
the document of written standards that the inspector uses to perform an audit
audit tool
an audit performed by second and third parties; unbiased
external audit
an audit conducted by employees of the company being audited; conflicts of interest, bias
internal audit
largest initiative to use practical strategies to improve animal welfare by developing standardized methodology to assess animal welfare and translate assessments into easy understandable information; used animal based measures; philosophy: welfare is multidimensional and a characteristic of an individual animal; contains 12 criteria that fit into 4 of the welfare domains
welfare quality project
attributing human characteristics, traits, emotion, intentions to non-humans
anthropomorphism
using human needs as a starting point for considering what animals may need in order to have a good life or at least avoid suffering
critical anthropomorphism
the capacity to be affected positively or negatively and have experiences and feel, not just stimuli or reactions
the capacity to experience suffering and pleasure
implies a level of conscious awareness and consciousness of feelings
sentience
sentient animals officially recognized in gov policy decision making - incl. vertebrates, decapod crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, prawns) and cephalopods (octopi and squids)
animal welfare sentience act 2022 (UK)
attention to those species with whom we are familiar, different levels of consideration are sometimes given to different animals as a consequence of their species
speciesism
risk management strategy that states that if there is a perceived risk to a practice, in the absence of scientific proof and consensus of the risks, err on the side of caution - when there is a potential threat to an animal, precautionary measures should be taken to mitigate the threat even if the cause and effect relationships have not been fully established
precautionary principle
behavioral expression is affected by
of NT receptors
NT levels
quantity of NT receptors
enzymes activate or deactivate NT
messenger molecule that integrates physiological functions and behaviors, communicate through the body; continued release and longer acting
hormones
how quickly one processes motion or intermittent frames of light as separate images or continuous; much higher in cats than humans
flicker fusion
olfactory organ present in all species except humans, linked between hard palate and nasal cavity; pheromone reception to the hypothalamus
vomeronasal organ
genetically acquired, inherited behavioral responses to specific situations or stimuli
temperament
___ required for normal brain development and sense organs
novelty and varied sensory input
how do barren environments without variety affect development of nervous system
more reactive and excitable as adults
time in life of animal when small amount, or lack of, experience will have a large effect on later behavior
sensitive period
period to learn about environment, littermates, mother and humans; play
socialization period
combination of animal’s temperament, learning experiences and development; describes how an animal might react to general situations
personality
environment; all the meaningful aspects of an organism’s perceptual world; how the animal perceives, behaves and experiences the environment
umwelt
observations that are factual, not opinions or bias, not applying any meaning
objective observations
observations that are interpreted, could be biased
subjective observations
description/catalog of discrete objective recognizable behaviors of an animal
ethogram
proximate causes of behavior
immediate, moment of the behavior; the how
- mechanism and development
ultimate causes of behavior
deeper, ultimate purpose of the behavior, survival value; the why
- utility and evolution
what physiological, hormonal, neurological mechanisms cause the behavior to be performed
mechanism
- ex. air flow over the larynx causes barking; what part of the brain causes barking
how does behavior develop over the individual’s lifetime and/or change with age; in what way has it been influenced by experience and learning
development (ontology)
- ex. does the dog learn from other dogs to bark or is it an innate developmental behavior
why did this behavior increase survival; in which way does the behavior increase the animal’s fitness; why does the animal respond in this way instead of another way
utility
- ex. barking to communicate; defend territory
why did this behavior evolve in the species; why did natural selection modify the behavior over time; why did the ancestors have this behavior compared to other species
evolution
- ex. barking developed via domestication, likely selective, non-purposeful
___ can affect decision making, physiological and behavioral responses
emotion
includes all emotions or feelings experienced as pleasant or unpleasant; experienced consciously and which motivate animals to behave in particular ways; state of being
affective state
intense emotional state
arousal
emotional state and reaction of apprehension and fright due to the presence or proximity of a specific stimulus
fear
emotional anticipation of adverse event, danger, threat; may be displayed in the absence of an identifiable stimulus; the anticipation of something unpleasant that may or may not be real
anxiety
excessive abnormal fear response that occurs without the presence of a true threat or is out of proportion to the needs for dealing with an actual threat; maladaptive and interfere with normal function
phobia
part of the brain used for thinking and flexible problem solving
cerebral cortex
part of the brain responsible for emotions
limbic system
components of the limbic system
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus
cortex
important neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
important transmitter amines
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
important transmitter amino acid
GABA
urge to perform behavior; goal directed
motivation
animal has competing emotions or motivations; motivated to perform opposing behaviors
emotional conflict
animal is motivated to perform a behavior but is unable to do so
frustration
previous experiences, emotion and affective state influence cognitive processes incl. attention, judgement and memory
cognitive bias
tendency to interpret ambiguous cues or uncertain situations in a negative manner
negative cognitive bias
relationship between 2 individuals when they interact over a situation or over a resource
dominance
de-escalation behaviors or “cut off” signals by an individual toward another to diffuse tension and conflict
deferential (deference) behaviors
deferential behavior with pacifying signals to another individual; “leave me alone” or “i come in peace”
appeasement behavior
attention seeking behaviors
active appeasement
diverting/decreasing attention signals
passive appeasement
a change in the brain that results in behavior being modified for longer than a few seconds
learning
animal learns relationship about 2 things
associative learning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
animal learns to react to an event or stimulus without reinforcers
non associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization
learning by association
classical conditioning
produces an unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
2nd neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus, acquired the ability to produce a response
conditioned stimulus
response produced by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
classical conditioning is influenced by
contiguity
contingency
saliency
the two events must be closely paired in time
contiguity
one event must always predict the other
contingency
it must be something the animal perceives as important
saliency
learning through association of behavior with the immediate consequences of behavior
operant conditioning
add something wanted to increase good behavior
positive reinforcement
remove something aversive to increase good behavior
negative reinforcement
add something aversive to decrease bad behavior
positive punishment
remove something wanted to decrease bad behavior
negative punishment
which 2 operant conditioning should you do
positive reinforcement
negative punishment
initial learning should be done with
continuous reinforcement - continuous learning with positive reinforcement with no breaks
positive reinforcement given inappropriately at wrong times; reinforces undesirable behaviors and confusion
non-contingent reinforcement
gradually drop rewards for worst of acceptable responses
intermittent or differential reinforcement
what does a clicker do
mark desired behavior at the instant it occurs
an event marker that identifies the desired response and bridges the time between response and delivery of primary reinforce - ex. clicker
bridge signals
building new behavior by selectively reinforcing variations in existing behavior during action; selective reinforcement - criteria raised in small steps
shaping
hands off method of guiding animal through a behavior
luring
psychologist that taught pigeons using shaping
BF skinner
types of non associative learning
habituation
sensitization
learning not to respond to a stimulus that triggers an instinctive response
habituation
increasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
sensitization
what does sensitization depend on
form, intensity and timing between repeated stimulus
a means of safely exposing the pet to the stimulus at a level at or below which fear is likely to be exhibited
desensitization
graduated exposure and habituation to arousing stimulus; raising threshold at which animal responds inappropriately; increasing animal’s ability to control its response so that it elicits desired behavior
systematic desensitization
changing the animal’s emotional and behavior response toward a stimulus or situation from undesirable and negative to desirable and positive
counter conditioning
prolonged exposure to a stimulus, prevented from leaving the stimulus until the animal stops reacting; SHOULD NEVER BE USED
flooding
rapid and relatively stable learning and bond between a newborn and caregiver taking place in very early life; attachment to object or living being/parent
imprinting
developed at birth and are mobile, can stand and follow mother - ex. horse, duck, elephants
precocial species
young stay in nest/den and are mostly helpless and reliant on parents - ex. dogs, cats
altricial species
impoverished environments are the depletion of stimulation and resources to provide the needs of animals; effects of impoverished environments can lead to
chronic apathy
torpor (inactivity)
boredom
abnormal, stereotypic or repetitive behaviors
perseverant repetition of behaviors unvaried in sequence with no obvious purpose or function
stereotypic behaviors
abnormal and repetitive behaviors that are difficult to interrupt and persist outside the original context
compulsive behaviors
responding to environment and potentially damaging challenges, preparing for challenges and having control of mental and bodily stability
coping
failure to cope leads to
reduced fitness, growth, reproduction and life
soft eyes
soft expression
non threatening gaze
loose, relaxed face
squinty eyes
hard eyes
wide with facial tension
intimidating
threatening gaze
can see the whites of eyes, giving a sideways glance
whale eyes
reasons for barking
to solicit support
alert others/seek attention
warning signals
5 categories of vocalizations
infantile sounds
eliciting sounds
withdrawal sounds
pleasure sounds
warning sounds
reasons for high pitched barking/vocalizations
excitement
fear
attention seeking
frustration
reasons for low pitched barking/vocalizations
warning
territorial defense
guarding
raised hackles and crowning of appearance
state of arousal
not synonymous with aggression or sexual
friendly dog tail
wagging in low, large circle like a windmill
or entire hind end wags loose and wiggly
high flagged tail
highest arousal
rising from low position to straight out or higher
freezing tail
warning sign of aggression
from wagging to still
fear, appeasement tail
tucked under
neutral/relaxed position in dogs
ears up
head high
tail down and relaxed
mouth open slightly, tongue exposed
loose stance, weight flat on feet
alert/attentive position in dogs
tail horizontal, may move slightly side to side
ears forward
eyes wide
smooth nose and forehead
mouth closed
slight forward lean
playful position in dogs
tail up, may wave broadly
ears up
pupils dilated
mouth open, tongue exposed
front end lowered by bent forepaws
belly up
originally an instinctive distance increasing signal but has been trained to like belly rubs and become a distance decreasing signal
soliciting position in dogs
loose body, curved
mouth open
no tension
soft eyes
attention seeking, wants to engage but is unsure, lacks confidence and intends to avoid hostility; distance decreasing
active appeasement
active appeasement position in dogs
body lowered
ears back
tail low and still, or wag low and wide
forehead smooth
eye contact is brief and indirect
licks at face of other dog or at the air
corner of mouth back
sweaty footprints
reduction of activity with goal of diverting/decreasing attention; dog is asking for more space; distance increasing
passive appeasement
passive appeasement position in dogs
rolls onto back exposing stomach and throat
tail tucked
ears flat and back
head turns to avoid direct eye contact
eyes partly closed
nose and forehead smooth
corner of mouth back
may sprinkle some urine
stress/anxiety position in dogs
tail down
body lowered
ears back
pupils dilated
rapid panting with corner of mouth back
sweating thru paw pads
normal behaviors that occur out of context for given situation; distance increasing, avoid conflict, “calming signals”
displacement behaviors
fear/defensive aggression position in dogs
body lowered
hackles raised
ears back
pupils dilated
nose wrinkled
lips slightly curled
corner of mouth pulled back
tail tucked
offensive threat/aggression position in dogs
tail stiff, raised and bristled
hackles raised
ears forward
forehead vertical wrinkles
nose wrinkled
lips curled
teeth visible
mouth open and c shaped, corner forward
stiff legged stance, body slightly forward
ladder of aggression
start with subtle signs
escalates when signals are ignored
from what age do dogs need conspecific and human interaction to prevent fear of human approach
5-7 to 12 weeks
from what age do dogs need to explore new environments to prevent neophobia
10-20 weeks
- throughout at least 1yr
what is one of the first behaviors to stop when dog is stressed, ill or has poor welfare
play
some psychological stressors in dogs include
restraint
inappropriate handling
unpredictable environment
insufficient exercise and stimulation
loud noised
signs of acute stress in dogs
body language
reduced normal behaviors
spontaneous bm/u
vocalization
GI motility
onset age of repetitive/compulsive behaviors in dogs
1.5-2 years
common repetitive/compulsive behaviors in dogs include
tail chasing
fly snapping
licking
flank sucking - dobermans
spinning in tight circles - bull terriers
distress response related to being separated from social group members; one of most common behavioral diagnoses in dogs
separation anxiety
separation anxiety risk factors
dogs from homes with single human
extreme following
excessive greeting
when do separation anxiety responses usually occur
within 5-30 min after owner leaves
pronounced anxious, fearful, phobic behavior to loud, unpredictable sounds; one of the most common canine behavior disorders (nearly 1/2 of dogs)
noise aversion
part of the brain for emotion
amygdala
how does noise aversion develop
sensitization; lack of learning not to be fearful
common errors for managing unwanted behaviors
attention - shouting command (instead squeak a toy or rattle treats)
reinforcers
inadvertent positive reinforcement
inadvertent punishment
AVSAB’s position on behavior modification techniques
do not use positive punishment
use positive reinforcement and negative punishment
reward appropriate behavior
gradual cognitive decline and increasing brain pathology
neurodegenerative disorder
clinical signs for diagnosing canine cognitive dysfunction
disorientation
interaction changes
sleep/wake cycle changes
house soiling
activity level changes
inc anxiety, pacing, restless
ABCs of aggression
antecedent - the before
behavior
consequence - the after
abnormal aggression
occurs in absence of clear trigger
rapid escalation
risk factors for aggression
underlying medical conditions
early experiences
genetics
unpredictable environment
dog is in a state of emotional arousal and unable to reach the appropriate target; interrupted- redirects aggressive behavior
redirected and excitement related aggression
the use of aggressive behavior by dog to retain possession of valued resource in the presence of person or another animal; most common reason for biting familiar children
resource guarding
risk factors for resource guarding
discipline measures
history of malnutrition/stress/food competition
threatened resources
inappropriate management, positive punishment
genetics
