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animal welfare and behavior > AWB midterm > Flashcards

AWB midterm Flashcards

1
Q

dr. william key

A

former slave, self taught vet
“be kind to animals”

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2
Q

effects of industrialization on animal welfare

A

production, efficiency, cheap inc
inc disease transmission and welfare issues
vaccination, abx

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3
Q

what act?
only federal legislation protecting farmed animals (except poultry) - animal must be completely sedated and insensitive to pain from slaughter

A

human methods of slaughter act (US)

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4
Q

ruth harrison and 1960 public concern led to

A

Brambell Report (UK)
Brambell 5 Freedoms
farm animal welfare advisory committee
Lab animal welfare act

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5
Q

5 freedoms

A

from hunger and thirst
from discomfort
from pain, injury and disease
to express normal behavior
from fear and distress

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6
Q

1st federal US law regarding animals used for research, breeding etc
defined minimum standards of care, ID req. for dogs/cats, dealers needed to be licensed, labs must be registered

A

laboratory animal welfare act - later renamed animal welfare act

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7
Q

three Rs

A

replacement
refinement
reduction

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8
Q

replacement

A

alternatives to animal use

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9
Q

refinement

A

minimize animals’ pain and distress by improving techniques

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10
Q

reduction

A

reduce # of animals used

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11
Q

peter singer

A

“speciesism”

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12
Q

bernie rollin

A

“telos”
began first veterinary ethics course at CSU

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13
Q

temple grandin

A

one of first scientists to disc. stress in handling animals; objective scoring systems to assess welfare during handling, slaughter

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14
Q

animal welfare act 2002 amendment

A

changed definition of “animal” to exclude birds, rats and mice bred for use in research

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15
Q

UK 5 animal welfare needs

A

for suitable environment
for suitable diet/nutrition
to be able to exhibit normal behavior patterns
to be housed with, or apart from, other animals
to be protected from pain, suffering, injury, disease

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16
Q

Ag-gag laws

A

makes illegal to take pics inside production animal facilities - only passes in a few states

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17
Q

2010 update to veterinarian oath

A

added responsibility for welfare and prevention of suffering

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18
Q

addresses the legal and moral standing of animals in society

A

animal rights

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19
Q

state of an animal at a certain time
quality of an animal’s life as experienced by the animal
how an animal is coping with its environment

A

animal welfare

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20
Q

3 circles of welfare

A

functioning (physical)
affective states (mental)
natural living

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21
Q

functioning/physical circle

A

physical factors that indicate health and physical fitness

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22
Q

affective/mental circle

A

absence of negative and presence of positive feelings

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23
Q

natural living circle

A

environment allows animals to perform certain highly motivated innate behaviors typical of their species

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24
Q

welfare inputs

A

management, environmental and risk factor resources available to animal
“resource based”

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25
Q

welfare outputs

A

outcomes related to the animal, how inputs affect the animal - disease, behavior, physiology
“animal based”

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26
Q

5 welfare domains

A

nutrition
environment
health
behavior
mental state

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27
Q

minimum measurable species specific management criteria at which animals are raised

A

welfare standard

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28
Q

a positive declaration intended to give confidence

A

assurance

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29
Q

a method of maintaining a certain level of quality or preventing defects to provide accurate confidence that an entity will fulfill requirements for quality

A

quality assurance

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30
Q

document that contains recommended info on how to perform different procedures, treatments, etc

A

guideline

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31
Q

the action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting to a status or level of achievement

A

certification

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32
Q

assessment conducted by a 2nd or 3rd party of how animals are managed in terms of the welfare guidelines and standards set using an organization’s audit took

A

assessment/certification program

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33
Q

a person or group affiliated with a company that is affected by the outcomes of the company actions

A

2nd party

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34
Q

a person or organization independent of consumer-supplier relationship; no conflict of interest

A

3rd party

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35
Q

a person or organization with an investment, interest, concern in business

A

stakeholder

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36
Q

official inspection of an animal production related facility, typically by an independent body

A

audit

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37
Q

the document of written standards that the inspector uses to perform an audit

A

audit tool

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38
Q

an audit performed by second and third parties; unbiased

A

external audit

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39
Q

an audit conducted by employees of the company being audited; conflicts of interest, bias

A

internal audit

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40
Q

largest initiative to use practical strategies to improve animal welfare by developing standardized methodology to assess animal welfare and translate assessments into easy understandable information; used animal based measures; philosophy: welfare is multidimensional and a characteristic of an individual animal; contains 12 criteria that fit into 4 of the welfare domains

A

welfare quality project

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41
Q

attributing human characteristics, traits, emotion, intentions to non-humans

A

anthropomorphism

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42
Q

using human needs as a starting point for considering what animals may need in order to have a good life or at least avoid suffering

A

critical anthropomorphism

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43
Q

the capacity to be affected positively or negatively and have experiences and feel, not just stimuli or reactions
the capacity to experience suffering and pleasure
implies a level of conscious awareness and consciousness of feelings

A

sentience

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44
Q

sentient animals officially recognized in gov policy decision making - incl. vertebrates, decapod crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, prawns) and cephalopods (octopi and squids)

A

animal welfare sentience act 2022 (UK)

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45
Q

attention to those species with whom we are familiar, different levels of consideration are sometimes given to different animals as a consequence of their species

A

speciesism

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46
Q

risk management strategy that states that if there is a perceived risk to a practice, in the absence of scientific proof and consensus of the risks, err on the side of caution - when there is a potential threat to an animal, precautionary measures should be taken to mitigate the threat even if the cause and effect relationships have not been fully established

A

precautionary principle

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47
Q

behavioral expression is affected by

A

of NT receptors

NT levels
quantity of NT receptors
enzymes activate or deactivate NT

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48
Q

messenger molecule that integrates physiological functions and behaviors, communicate through the body; continued release and longer acting

A

hormones

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49
Q

how quickly one processes motion or intermittent frames of light as separate images or continuous; much higher in cats than humans

A

flicker fusion

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50
Q

olfactory organ present in all species except humans, linked between hard palate and nasal cavity; pheromone reception to the hypothalamus

A

vomeronasal organ

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51
Q

genetically acquired, inherited behavioral responses to specific situations or stimuli

A

temperament

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52
Q

___ required for normal brain development and sense organs

A

novelty and varied sensory input

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53
Q

how do barren environments without variety affect development of nervous system

A

more reactive and excitable as adults

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54
Q

time in life of animal when small amount, or lack of, experience will have a large effect on later behavior

A

sensitive period

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55
Q

period to learn about environment, littermates, mother and humans; play

A

socialization period

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56
Q

combination of animal’s temperament, learning experiences and development; describes how an animal might react to general situations

A

personality

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57
Q

environment; all the meaningful aspects of an organism’s perceptual world; how the animal perceives, behaves and experiences the environment

A

umwelt

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58
Q

observations that are factual, not opinions or bias, not applying any meaning

A

objective observations

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59
Q

observations that are interpreted, could be biased

A

subjective observations

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60
Q

description/catalog of discrete objective recognizable behaviors of an animal

A

ethogram

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61
Q

proximate causes of behavior

A

immediate, moment of the behavior; the how
- mechanism and development

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62
Q

ultimate causes of behavior

A

deeper, ultimate purpose of the behavior, survival value; the why
- utility and evolution

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63
Q

what physiological, hormonal, neurological mechanisms cause the behavior to be performed

A

mechanism
- ex. air flow over the larynx causes barking; what part of the brain causes barking

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64
Q

how does behavior develop over the individual’s lifetime and/or change with age; in what way has it been influenced by experience and learning

A

development (ontology)
- ex. does the dog learn from other dogs to bark or is it an innate developmental behavior

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65
Q

why did this behavior increase survival; in which way does the behavior increase the animal’s fitness; why does the animal respond in this way instead of another way

A

utility
- ex. barking to communicate; defend territory

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66
Q

why did this behavior evolve in the species; why did natural selection modify the behavior over time; why did the ancestors have this behavior compared to other species

A

evolution
- ex. barking developed via domestication, likely selective, non-purposeful

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67
Q

___ can affect decision making, physiological and behavioral responses

A

emotion

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68
Q

includes all emotions or feelings experienced as pleasant or unpleasant; experienced consciously and which motivate animals to behave in particular ways; state of being

A

affective state

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69
Q

intense emotional state

A

arousal

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70
Q

emotional state and reaction of apprehension and fright due to the presence or proximity of a specific stimulus

A

fear

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71
Q

emotional anticipation of adverse event, danger, threat; may be displayed in the absence of an identifiable stimulus; the anticipation of something unpleasant that may or may not be real

A

anxiety

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72
Q

excessive abnormal fear response that occurs without the presence of a true threat or is out of proportion to the needs for dealing with an actual threat; maladaptive and interfere with normal function

A

phobia

73
Q

part of the brain used for thinking and flexible problem solving

A

cerebral cortex

74
Q

part of the brain responsible for emotions

A

limbic system

75
Q

components of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus
cortex

76
Q

important neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

77
Q

important transmitter amines

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin

78
Q

important transmitter amino acid

A

GABA

79
Q

urge to perform behavior; goal directed

A

motivation

80
Q

animal has competing emotions or motivations; motivated to perform opposing behaviors

A

emotional conflict

81
Q

animal is motivated to perform a behavior but is unable to do so

A

frustration

82
Q

previous experiences, emotion and affective state influence cognitive processes incl. attention, judgement and memory

A

cognitive bias

83
Q

tendency to interpret ambiguous cues or uncertain situations in a negative manner

A

negative cognitive bias

84
Q

relationship between 2 individuals when they interact over a situation or over a resource

A

dominance

85
Q

de-escalation behaviors or “cut off” signals by an individual toward another to diffuse tension and conflict

A

deferential (deference) behaviors

86
Q

deferential behavior with pacifying signals to another individual; “leave me alone” or “i come in peace”

A

appeasement behavior

87
Q

attention seeking behaviors

A

active appeasement

88
Q

diverting/decreasing attention signals

A

passive appeasement

89
Q

a change in the brain that results in behavior being modified for longer than a few seconds

A

learning

90
Q

animal learns relationship about 2 things

A

associative learning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning

91
Q

animal learns to react to an event or stimulus without reinforcers

A

non associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization

92
Q

learning by association

A

classical conditioning

93
Q

produces an unconditioned response

A

unconditioned stimulus

94
Q

unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

95
Q

2nd neutral stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus, acquired the ability to produce a response

A

conditioned stimulus

96
Q

response produced by the conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

97
Q

classical conditioning is influenced by

A

contiguity
contingency
saliency

98
Q

the two events must be closely paired in time

A

contiguity

99
Q

one event must always predict the other

A

contingency

100
Q

it must be something the animal perceives as important

A

saliency

101
Q

learning through association of behavior with the immediate consequences of behavior

A

operant conditioning

102
Q

add something wanted to increase good behavior

A

positive reinforcement

103
Q

remove something aversive to increase good behavior

A

negative reinforcement

104
Q

add something aversive to decrease bad behavior

A

positive punishment

105
Q

remove something wanted to decrease bad behavior

A

negative punishment

106
Q

which 2 operant conditioning should you do

A

positive reinforcement
negative punishment

107
Q

initial learning should be done with

A

continuous reinforcement - continuous learning with positive reinforcement with no breaks

108
Q

positive reinforcement given inappropriately at wrong times; reinforces undesirable behaviors and confusion

A

non-contingent reinforcement

109
Q

gradually drop rewards for worst of acceptable responses

A

intermittent or differential reinforcement

110
Q

what does a clicker do

A

mark desired behavior at the instant it occurs

111
Q

an event marker that identifies the desired response and bridges the time between response and delivery of primary reinforce - ex. clicker

A

bridge signals

112
Q

building new behavior by selectively reinforcing variations in existing behavior during action; selective reinforcement - criteria raised in small steps

A

shaping

113
Q

hands off method of guiding animal through a behavior

A

luring

114
Q

psychologist that taught pigeons using shaping

A

BF skinner

115
Q

types of non associative learning

A

habituation
sensitization

116
Q

learning not to respond to a stimulus that triggers an instinctive response

A

habituation

117
Q

increasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

A

sensitization

118
Q

what does sensitization depend on

A

form, intensity and timing between repeated stimulus

119
Q

a means of safely exposing the pet to the stimulus at a level at or below which fear is likely to be exhibited

A

desensitization

120
Q

graduated exposure and habituation to arousing stimulus; raising threshold at which animal responds inappropriately; increasing animal’s ability to control its response so that it elicits desired behavior

A

systematic desensitization

121
Q

changing the animal’s emotional and behavior response toward a stimulus or situation from undesirable and negative to desirable and positive

A

counter conditioning

122
Q

prolonged exposure to a stimulus, prevented from leaving the stimulus until the animal stops reacting; SHOULD NEVER BE USED

A

flooding

123
Q

rapid and relatively stable learning and bond between a newborn and caregiver taking place in very early life; attachment to object or living being/parent

A

imprinting

124
Q

developed at birth and are mobile, can stand and follow mother - ex. horse, duck, elephants

A

precocial species

125
Q

young stay in nest/den and are mostly helpless and reliant on parents - ex. dogs, cats

A

altricial species

126
Q

impoverished environments are the depletion of stimulation and resources to provide the needs of animals; effects of impoverished environments can lead to

A

chronic apathy
torpor (inactivity)
boredom
abnormal, stereotypic or repetitive behaviors

127
Q

perseverant repetition of behaviors unvaried in sequence with no obvious purpose or function

A

stereotypic behaviors

128
Q

abnormal and repetitive behaviors that are difficult to interrupt and persist outside the original context

A

compulsive behaviors

129
Q

responding to environment and potentially damaging challenges, preparing for challenges and having control of mental and bodily stability

A

coping

130
Q

failure to cope leads to

A

reduced fitness, growth, reproduction and life

131
Q

soft eyes

A

soft expression
non threatening gaze
loose, relaxed face
squinty eyes

132
Q

hard eyes

A

wide with facial tension
intimidating
threatening gaze

133
Q

can see the whites of eyes, giving a sideways glance

A

whale eyes

134
Q

reasons for barking

A

to solicit support
alert others/seek attention
warning signals

135
Q

5 categories of vocalizations

A

infantile sounds
eliciting sounds
withdrawal sounds
pleasure sounds
warning sounds

136
Q

reasons for high pitched barking/vocalizations

A

excitement
fear
attention seeking
frustration

137
Q

reasons for low pitched barking/vocalizations

A

warning
territorial defense
guarding

138
Q

raised hackles and crowning of appearance

A

state of arousal
not synonymous with aggression or sexual

139
Q

friendly dog tail

A

wagging in low, large circle like a windmill
or entire hind end wags loose and wiggly

140
Q

high flagged tail

A

highest arousal
rising from low position to straight out or higher

141
Q

freezing tail

A

warning sign of aggression
from wagging to still

142
Q

fear, appeasement tail

A

tucked under

143
Q

neutral/relaxed position in dogs

A

ears up
head high
tail down and relaxed
mouth open slightly, tongue exposed
loose stance, weight flat on feet

144
Q

alert/attentive position in dogs

A

tail horizontal, may move slightly side to side
ears forward
eyes wide
smooth nose and forehead
mouth closed
slight forward lean

145
Q

playful position in dogs

A

tail up, may wave broadly
ears up
pupils dilated
mouth open, tongue exposed
front end lowered by bent forepaws

146
Q

belly up

A

originally an instinctive distance increasing signal but has been trained to like belly rubs and become a distance decreasing signal

147
Q

soliciting position in dogs

A

loose body, curved
mouth open
no tension
soft eyes

148
Q

attention seeking, wants to engage but is unsure, lacks confidence and intends to avoid hostility; distance decreasing

A

active appeasement

149
Q

active appeasement position in dogs

A

body lowered
ears back
tail low and still, or wag low and wide
forehead smooth
eye contact is brief and indirect
licks at face of other dog or at the air
corner of mouth back
sweaty footprints

150
Q

reduction of activity with goal of diverting/decreasing attention; dog is asking for more space; distance increasing

A

passive appeasement

151
Q

passive appeasement position in dogs

A

rolls onto back exposing stomach and throat
tail tucked
ears flat and back
head turns to avoid direct eye contact
eyes partly closed
nose and forehead smooth
corner of mouth back
may sprinkle some urine

152
Q

stress/anxiety position in dogs

A

tail down
body lowered
ears back
pupils dilated
rapid panting with corner of mouth back
sweating thru paw pads

153
Q

normal behaviors that occur out of context for given situation; distance increasing, avoid conflict, “calming signals”

A

displacement behaviors

154
Q

fear/defensive aggression position in dogs

A

body lowered
hackles raised
ears back
pupils dilated
nose wrinkled
lips slightly curled
corner of mouth pulled back
tail tucked

155
Q

offensive threat/aggression position in dogs

A

tail stiff, raised and bristled
hackles raised
ears forward
forehead vertical wrinkles
nose wrinkled
lips curled
teeth visible
mouth open and c shaped, corner forward
stiff legged stance, body slightly forward

156
Q

ladder of aggression

A

start with subtle signs
escalates when signals are ignored

157
Q

from what age do dogs need conspecific and human interaction to prevent fear of human approach

A

5-7 to 12 weeks

158
Q

from what age do dogs need to explore new environments to prevent neophobia

A

10-20 weeks
- throughout at least 1yr

159
Q

what is one of the first behaviors to stop when dog is stressed, ill or has poor welfare

A

play

160
Q

some psychological stressors in dogs include

A

restraint
inappropriate handling
unpredictable environment
insufficient exercise and stimulation
loud noised

161
Q

signs of acute stress in dogs

A

body language
reduced normal behaviors
spontaneous bm/u
vocalization
GI motility

162
Q

onset age of repetitive/compulsive behaviors in dogs

A

1.5-2 years

163
Q

common repetitive/compulsive behaviors in dogs include

A

tail chasing
fly snapping
licking
flank sucking - dobermans
spinning in tight circles - bull terriers

164
Q

distress response related to being separated from social group members; one of most common behavioral diagnoses in dogs

A

separation anxiety

165
Q

separation anxiety risk factors

A

dogs from homes with single human
extreme following
excessive greeting

166
Q

when do separation anxiety responses usually occur

A

within 5-30 min after owner leaves

167
Q

pronounced anxious, fearful, phobic behavior to loud, unpredictable sounds; one of the most common canine behavior disorders (nearly 1/2 of dogs)

A

noise aversion

168
Q

part of the brain for emotion

A

amygdala

169
Q

how does noise aversion develop

A

sensitization; lack of learning not to be fearful

170
Q

common errors for managing unwanted behaviors

A

attention - shouting command (instead squeak a toy or rattle treats)
reinforcers
inadvertent positive reinforcement
inadvertent punishment

171
Q

AVSAB’s position on behavior modification techniques

A

do not use positive punishment
use positive reinforcement and negative punishment
reward appropriate behavior

172
Q

gradual cognitive decline and increasing brain pathology

A

neurodegenerative disorder

173
Q

clinical signs for diagnosing canine cognitive dysfunction

A

disorientation
interaction changes
sleep/wake cycle changes
house soiling
activity level changes
inc anxiety, pacing, restless

174
Q

ABCs of aggression

A

antecedent - the before
behavior
consequence - the after

175
Q

abnormal aggression

A

occurs in absence of clear trigger
rapid escalation

176
Q

risk factors for aggression

A

underlying medical conditions
early experiences
genetics
unpredictable environment

177
Q

dog is in a state of emotional arousal and unable to reach the appropriate target; interrupted- redirects aggressive behavior

A

redirected and excitement related aggression

178
Q

the use of aggressive behavior by dog to retain possession of valued resource in the presence of person or another animal; most common reason for biting familiar children

A

resource guarding

179
Q

risk factors for resource guarding

A

discipline measures
history of malnutrition/stress/food competition
threatened resources
inappropriate management, positive punishment
genetics

animal welfare and behavior (1 decks)

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