AWA Flashcards
In-representative
The author relies on the assumption that A is typical of B as a whole. However, the evidence quoted is too limited to substantiate the assumption. For example, It is entirely possible that 反说 Such potential issues within the evidence/statistics may mislead the mass audience. Without taking into account such scenario, the assumption is unwarranted 改善： The author has to provie that the evidence is representative of the whole group
False analogy
The author assumes that A is analogous to B
However, Their discrepancy outweigh their similarities.
The author actually makes a false analogy.
For example, … will be poles apart if
Without taking into account such discrepancy, the assumption is groundless.
改善：The author has to provie that A resembles B in all aspects.
有他因
The author assumes that A was due to B However, B may be an important contributing factor but not necessarily the only one.
For example, such factors as…and …. may account for A Without taking into account other essential factors, the assumption is unsupportable.
改善：The auther has to rule out other factors that may lead to the conclusion.
False Delimma（2者选1）
The author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. And by applying such an “either-or” reasoning, the author actually presents a false dellima. For example, there could have other possibility … Without taking into account other options, the assumption is unfair. 改善 ：The auther has to rule out /eliminate other options that may lead to the conclusion.
Onesideness 一边倒
The author reached the conclusion that …… by laying out all the pros However, little analysis on the potential cons is provided. For example, such disadvantages as … may result in (business) failure . (如果这么做，会有什么坏处) Failure to balance the pros against the cons will undermine the convincing power of the conclusion. 改善 ：The auther has to rule out /eliminate the potential cons that may affect the conclusion.
Unchanged
The author assumes that all the conditions of … will remain unchanged as they were before / during the 2 years. However, the future is uncertain. The argument commits a fallacy of “All Things are Equal “ For example……（随着时间、地点的变化，主体发生了什么变化） Failure to consider such possibility may lead to an ungrounded conclusion. 改善：The auther has to rule out other possibility that may lead to the conclusion.
先后发生，不代表存在因果
The author falsely establishes a casual relationship. The mere fact that A preceded B is insufficient to establish a causal relationship. For example,先后出现未必存在因果 2 Other factors It is unreasonable to conclude that two events are causally related. 改善：The author should provide more concrete evidend to prove a causal relationship between A and B.
同时出现，不代表存在因果
The author falsely establishes a casual relationship. The mere fact that A coincides with B is insufficient to established a causual relationship. For example,1 同时出现未必存在因果 2 Other factors It is unreasonable to conclude that two events are causally related. 改善：The author should provide more concrete evidend to prove a causal relationship between A and B.
Correlation to causation（相关，不代表存在因果）
The author falsely establishes a casual relationship. The mere fact that A is somewhat correlated with B is insufficient to established a causual relationship。 For example,1 断桥没关联 2 有关联也未必存在因果 Other factors It is unreasonable to conclude that two events are causally related. 改善：The author should provide more concrete evidend to prove a causal relationship between A and B.
Appeal to ignorance
The author made a assumption that the remaining group (剩余群体不反对就是同意、不投诉就是满意、不是A就必是A否) However, the author provides no evidence to support this assumption. The fact that (某群体的事实) indicates nothing about the remaining group’s opinion , and it is possible that he remaining group’s opinionor …… (剩下群体没意见) Lacking further detailed information, we can not safely conclude that……
Vested interest 既得利益
These remarks/conclusion/suggestions are made by XXXX, who is……(角色) It is possible that due to his own vested interest, the author may be inclined to take the position to his own advantage. If that were the case, then the creditability and neutrality of …. May be questioned.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
The author relies on the assumption that A will result in / lead to
However, the evidence quoted is too limited to substantiate the assumption.
There may be no correlation between them. 断桥不相关 A 不导致B
In addition, even though A is an important contributing factor to B, but it not necessarily the only one. 他因
For example Without taking into account other essential factors, the assumption is gratuitous.
The speaker should consider and rule out other factors that might affect_____
and provide more concrete evidence.
开头总结作者结论错误
The author’s recommendation is problematic for several reasons.
中段开头句
To begin with,
看似正确的假设
While this is a tempting assumption, its truth is by no means obvious.
