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CSC230 > AVR Architecture > Flashcards

AVR Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a numeration system?

A

A language used to represent numbers

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2
Q

What is the base of the decimal numeration system?

A

Base 10

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3
Q

What base does the binary numeration system use?

A

Base 2

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4
Q

What are bits?

A

Binary digits (0 and 1)

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5
Q

List the common group sizes for bits.

A
  • Nibble (4 bits) * Byte (8 bits) * Word (16 bits) * Double word (32 bits) * Quad word (64 bits)
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6
Q

What is positional notation?

A

A method of representing numbers where the position of a digit determines its value

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7
Q

What are the digit values used in binary?

A

0 and 1

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8
Q

What are the digit values used in octal?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

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9
Q

What are the digit values used in hexadecimal?

A

0 through 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

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10
Q

How do you calculate binary values?

A

Multiply binary digits by 2 raised to the power of their position, starting from right to left

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11
Q

How do you calculate octal values?

A

Multiply octal digits by 8 raised to the power of their position, starting from right to left

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12
Q

How do you calculate hexadecimal values?

A

Multiply hex digits by 16 raised to the power of their position, starting from right to left

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13
Q

How are binary numbers represented?

A

With a prefix of 0b or % or with a suffix b

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14
Q

How are hexadecimal numbers represented?

A

With a prefix of 0x or $ or with a suffix h

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15
Q

How are octal numbers represented?

A

With a prefix of 0 or 0o (zero-oh) or with a suffix o

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16
Q

What is the repeated division algorithm used for?

A

To convert from decimal to other bases

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17
Q

What is Horner’s Algorithm?

A

An iterative algorithm used to reduce the number of arithmetic operations in polynomial evaluation

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18
Q

What is the purpose of converting numbers between bases?

A

To facilitate calculations and data representation in different numeral systems

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19
Q

What is signed magnitude representation?

A

A method where the most significant bit indicates the sign of the number

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20
Q

What is one’s complement?

A

A method where the negative number is the bitwise inversion of the positive number

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21
Q

What is two’s complement?

A

A method where the negative number is represented by the specific relationship with the corresponding positive number

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22
Q

What is a nibble?

A

A sequence of four bits

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23
Q

What is a byte?

A

A sequence of eight bits

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24
Q

What is the range of numbers in one’s complement?

A

-127 to 127

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25
What are the benefits of using hexadecimal notation?
* More compact representation of binary values * Easier to read and write than long binary sequences
26
What is the change-sign rule?
A method to convert a positive binary number to its negative two's complement representation
27
Fill in the blank: The least significant bit is the _______.
right-most bit
28
Fill in the blank: The most significant bit is the _______.
left-most bit
29
True or False: In signed magnitude representation, there are two ways to represent zero.
True
30
True or False: Two's complement allows for efficient conversion between positive and negative integers.
True
31
What is a computer?
A programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data ## Footnote It accepts input, processes data, stores data, retrieves data, and produces output.
32
List the types of computers.
* Personal or microcomputers (desktops, laptops) * Handheld (smartphones) * Mainframes * Supercomputers * Cloud computing environments ## Footnote Cloud computing environments like Amazon ECS and Microsoft Azure provide resources on demand.
33
What are the two main components of a computer system?
* Hardware * Software ## Footnote Hardware refers to physical devices, while software refers to instructions and data.
34
What is the role of device drivers?
Specialized pieces of code through which hardware and software communicate ## Footnote Device drivers show software how to use hardware.
35
What does the CPU stand for?
Central Processing Unit ## Footnote It is also known as a processor or microprocessor.
36
What are the two kinds of memory in a computer?
* RAM (Random Access Memory) * ROM (Read Only Memory) ## Footnote ROM contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) which is the first instruction for the CPU.
37
What is the fetch-decode-execute cycle?
A process where a machine instruction is fetched from memory, decoded to determine its meaning, and executed to carry out the instruction ## Footnote This cycle is driven by clock pulses.
38
What is a chipset?
A component that shares functionality between subsystems in a computer ## Footnote It consists of a north component (memory control hub) and a south component (controls input/output).
39
What is the purpose of the Control Unit (CU) within the CPU?
To keep track of the current instruction being executed and to guide the fetching, decoding, and executing of instructions ## Footnote It issues logic signals for routing data between registers.
40
What does ALU stand for, and what is its function?
Arithmetic Logic Unit; it performs arithmetic and logical operations ## Footnote Examples include addition, subtraction, and comparisons.
41
Define registers in the context of a CPU.
Memory-like locations inside the CPU designed for use with instructions currently being performed ## Footnote They hold operands used by current ALU operations and results of those operations.
42
What is the purpose of the program counter (PC)?
To keep track of the next instruction’s address in memory ## Footnote The PC is updated to the address of the next instruction after a fetch.
43
What is the difference between Von Neumann and Harvard architecture?
* Von Neumann architecture uses a single memory system for both code and data * Harvard architecture has separate memory systems for code and data ## Footnote Harvard architecture improves performance over Von Neumann architecture.
44
What is the significance of clock cycles in computing?
They provide a timing signal that drives the fetch-decode-execute cycle ## Footnote The frequency of these cycles is measured in Hertz (Hz).
45
Fill in the blank: The ________ is responsible for controlling most aspects of a computer system.
CPU ## Footnote The CPU processes data, performs operations, and communicates with peripheral devices.
46
What is pipeline instruction?
An approach to enhance speed by fetching multiple instructions while another area of the computer is still decoding ## Footnote This contrasts with none pipeline, where only one instruction is fetched at a time.
47
True or False: The CPU is often referred to as the 'brain' of the computer.
True ## Footnote However, this term can be misleading.
48
What is Harvard architecture?
Code is in one memory system, data is in a separate memory system ## Footnote Improves performance over using the same memory system
49
What does the fetch-decode-execution modification utilize?
Uses multiple pipeline instructions
50
What does a bus do in a computer system?
Transmits binary information in bits, serves as a bit highway for transferring data, address, and control signals between devices
51
What are the two main categories of storage?
Primary (fast, small, expensive) and Secondary (slower, large capacity, inexpensive)
52
What is primary storage?
Where data and instructions reside when used by a currently-executing program
53
What is the difference between ROM and RAM?
ROM is non-volatile and read-only, while RAM is volatile and allows read/write operations
54
What are input devices?
Devices that transfer data from some device into the computer, e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner
55
What are output devices?
Devices that transfer data out of the computer, e.g., monitor, printer, speakers
56
What does a byte represent?
A container for eight individual bits, each position having its own meaning
57
What is the result of the NOT boolean operation?
Inverts the boolean value of a bit
58
What is the result of the AND boolean operation?
True only if both operands are true
59
What is the result of the OR boolean operation?
True if at least one operand is true
60
What does XOR stand for and what is its function?
Exclusive OR; true only if exactly one operand is true
61
What is the purpose of a mask in boolean operations?
To zero or clear unimportant bits in a given byte
62
What is the purpose of bit shifting?
Move bits from left to right or right to left, filling vacated positions with false (0)
63
What is big-endian byte order?
Store most-significant byte in addr, least significant byte in addr + 1
64
What is little-endian byte order?
Store most significant byte of a word in addr + 1, least significant byte in addr
65
True or False: Secondary storage is faster than RAM.
False
66
Fill in the blank: The CPU can look at any location in ROM, but cannot _______.
modify
67
What are the two categories of registers?
General purpose registers and other (incremental, status)
68
What happens to the contents of primary storage when the computer is powered off?
The contents disappear
69
What is the role of the control lines in a bus operation?
To signal the type of operation, such as a read or write
70
What is the significance of bit 0 and bit 7 in a byte?
Bit 0 is the least-significant bit, bit 7 is the most-significant bit
71
What is a common use of the AND operation in boolean operations?
To mask out unimportant bits
72
What is the result of the operation a OR 1?
1; it forces a bit to true
73
What is the function of the XOR operation?
To toggle bits; a XOR 1 is NOT a
74
What is the purpose of secondary storage?
To store data and instructions outside of primary memory
75
What is the effect of a NAND operation?
Results in false only if both operands are true
76
What does the term 'byte order' refer to?
A convention on how bytes are stored in memory
77
What is the result of a XOR operation on two identical operands?
0; it resets bits
78
What is the role of the address bus in a bus operation?
To place the address of needed data
79
What is the general purpose of a CPU?
To execute instructions and process data

CSC230 (3 decks)

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