Aviation Info Flashcards
Force necessary to overcome gravitational force to keep the airplane flying is termed
Lift
Ailerons are used primarily to
Roll the airplane
Ailerons are located
On the outer edge of the wings
Pitch makes the airplane
Go up and down
Bank makes the airplane
Roll or turn
The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are
Lift, Drag, Thrust and Weight
An airplane is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
Positive (High) air pressure below the wings surface and negative (Low) air pressure above the wings surface
Flight instruments
Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter, Attitude Indicator, Vertical Velocity Indicator
Engine Instruments
Tachometer, Ammeter (Battery)
Altimeter
Altitude in MSL
Attitude
False Horizon
Vertical Velocity
How many feet/min climbing or diving
Tachometer
Engine RPMS
Ammeter
Battery Power
Forces acting on an aircraft in a steady flight condition (no change in speed or flight path)
Lift = Weight Drag = Thrust
A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot
Is cleared to taxi
Steady red light signal from the tower to aircraft approaching to land
Continue circling
Flashing red light signal from the tower to aircraft approaching to land
Airport is unsafe for landing
Propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other side to
Produce thrust
When in the down (extended) position wing flaps provide
Greater lift and more drag
What makes an airplane turn
The horizontal component of lift
What is one advantage of an airplane said to be inherently stable
Airplane will require less effort to control
If the elevator trim tabs on the airplane are lowered, the plane will tend to
Nose up
The pilot always advance the throttle during a
Climb
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
It is ordinarily desirable to provide an unusally long flight strip at municipal airports for the take-off of
Heavily loaded ships in still air
A closed runway is marked on an airfield diagram with
XXX
Over run in marked on an airfield diagram with
> > >
The reaward retarding force of airplane drag is opposed by
Thrust
Cowling is located
Around the engine
Airport taxiways are identified at night by omni directional edge lights in what color
Blue
If the aircraft is indicating a minus value this means the
Generator or alternator output is inadequate
The angle formed by the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the relative wind is called the
Angle of attack
Aircraft Structure
Fuselage, Wings (w/ ailerons & flaps), Empennage (tail), Landing Gear, Power Plant
Empannage Parts
Fixed: Vertical Stabilizer & horizontal stabilizer
Moveable: Rudder, elevator, trim tabs
Power Plant Parts
Engine Propeller
What does the cowling do?
Helps cool the engine
Propeller creates
Thrust
What does the rudder do
Move the airplane nose right and left
What does the elevator do
Moves the airplane nose up and down
Atmospheric Pressure
Weather changes help lift airplane, actuates some flight instruments
Air Density
Effects airplane capability
Less Dense Air
Reduces power, thrust, & lift
Density
Decreases with increasing altitude
Increase Temps
Decreases density
Newtons 1st Law
Body at rest remains at rest
Newtons 2nd Law
(F=MA) Constant force creates acceleration proportional to mass
Newtons 3rd Law
One body exerts force on another, 2nd exerts force equal to 1st but in opposite direction
Magnus Effect
Low pressure upward force
Axes of Flight
Pitch, Roll, Yaw
Pitch
Lateral Axis (thru wings) Nose & Tail up and down (Elevators)
Roll
Longitudinal Axis (thru body) Wings up and down (Ailerons)
Yaw
Vertical Axis (up & down) Wings side to side (Rudder)
Rudder
Push left pedal, rudder moves left, moves tail to right and nose to the left.
Secondary Flight Controls
Flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers and trim devices
Trim Systems
Relieve pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on flight controls
Altimeter Purpose
One of most vital inst. in acft Measures where acft is at in atmosphere presents as altitude
Altimeter hands
Short: 10,000’s feet
Middle: 1,000’s feet
Long: 100’s feet
Vertical Speed Indicator (VVI or VSI)
Indicates whether plane is climbing or diving or in level flight in fpm
Airspeed Indicator
Pressure measured, different color arcs.
White - Flap operating range
Yellow - Caution range
Red- Never exceed speed
Turn Indicators
Like a “level” if ball is uncentered aerodynamic forces are unbalanced
Attitude Indicator
Miniature airplane and horizon bar. Indicates attitude of airplane relative to the true horizon
Heading Indicator (aka directional gyro)
Basically compass, not affected by flight
Turn Indicator
If aileron & rudder mvmnts are coordinated during turn, ball remains centered.
Magnetic Compass
Sets gyroscopic heading indicator. 30 degrees appears as 3
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Straight & level turns, Climbs, Descents
Rudder moves
airplane’s nose left and right
Aileron moves
airplane wing
Elevator control moves
airplane nose up and down
Flying by attitude
visually establishing attitude with reference to natural horizon
Trim
Used to relieve all possible control pressures held after desired altitude has been attained
Straight & Level Flight
Main maneuver constant heading and altitude is maintained wing tips even with horizon
Level Turns
All 4 primary controls are used
- Ailerons
- Elevator
- Throttle
- Rudder
3 Types Level Turns
Shallow - 20 degrees
Medium - 20 to 45 degrees
Steep - 45+ degrees
Empannage (Cabin)
not considered a major component of aircraft structure
Moving the control wheel or stick to the right will cause the right aileron to
Rotate forward
If the control wheel or stick is moved forward
Airspeed will increase & Aircraft pitch will change
If the left rudder is pressed then the aircraft will
Yaw
Mach refers to
Speed of sound
As the radius of a turn decreases
Positive G forces are increased
As altitude increases in order to maintain the same amount of lift an aircraft must
Fly faster
If a pilot is instructed to land on Rwy 27 using a straight approach, the heading should be
270 degrees
When flaps are extended
Drag and lift increase
Which two flight controls are used to control the rate of a turn
Elevator and ailerons
An aircraft on a heading of 325 is flying
Northwest
Under normal VFR conditions how much of a pilots attention should be focused on cockpit instruments
10%
Large yellow X’s painted on the end of the runway indicate
closed runway
the axis which extends lengthwise thru the fuselage from the nose to the tail is
Longitudinal axis
The transporter code which indicates an in-flight emergency is
7700
The ctrl system used primarily to relieve the pilot from having to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls is the
Trim
Drag (during climb) requires increase in thrust
Need sufficient thrust to continue climb
Climb types
Normal
Best rate of climb (Vy)
Best angle of climb (Vx)
An aircraft instructed to land on Rwy 23L would establish an approach heading of
230 degrees
The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are
Drag, Lift, Weight, Thrust
Moving the control stick to the right or left affects which aircraft controls
ailerons
The tachometer
is not a flight instrument
Flaps are generally used
during takeoff and during landings
A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot
is cleared to taxi
In creating lift
The air moving over the wing moves faster than the air moving under the wing
The propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other to
produce thrust
On the ground and aircraft is steered by
pushing the rudder pedals
Depressing the left rudder pedal would move the tail of the aircraft
right
An aircraft heading 300 degrees is heading
Northwest
Supersonic means
Faster than the speed of sound
What is the standard weight for gasoline used in aircraft
6lbs/gal
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
What makes an airplane turn
The horizontal component of lift
Larger aircraft generally tend to
Land on longer runways
For runway 23L, what does the L indicate
L stands for the left-hand runway at airport with two runways aligned in the same direction
Tachometer
Indicates the speed at which the engine crankshaft is rotating. (NOT a flight instrument!!!)
Flaps
Increase lift and drag
Compass headings
North - 360 degrees
East - 90 degrees
South - 180 degrees
West - 270 degrees
Northwest Heading
Falls between 270 and 360 degrees
Inverse Operation
Subtraction and division
Prime number
Whole # which can be divided by itself and 1,2,3,5,7,11,13
Addition Answer
Sum
Subtraction Answer
Remainder
Multiply Answer
Product
Division Answer
Quotient
Factors
#s that can be multiplied resulting in a whole number Ex. 2x3 = 6
Composite Number
Whole # that can be divided evenly by itself and 1 AND by at least one other whole #
Ex. 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 27
Order of operations
PEMDAS
Combine like terms
2x + 4x becomes 6x
Convert F to C
C = 5/9(F-32)
Convert C to F
F = 9/5(C+32)
1 acre =
43,560 sq. ft
Area of a Rectangle
Length x Width
An eclipse of the sun throws the shadow of the
moon on the earth
Substances that hasten a chemical reaction without themselves undergoing change are called
Catalysts
Lack of iodine is often related to what disease
Goiter
Under natural conditions, large quan of organic matter decay therefore
Soil maintains fertility
The thin layer that forms the front of the eyeball is called the
Cornea
The most likely reason why dinosaurs became extinct was that they
Failed to adapt to a changing environment
Which of the following is a chemical change
Burning a pound of coal
A person with high blood pressure should
avoid salt
The chief nutrient in lean meat is
protein
Spiders can be distinguished from insects by the fact that spiders have
four pairs of legs
An important ore of uranium is called
pitchblende
Of the following the lightest element know on earth is
hydrogen
Of the following gases in the air, the most plentiful is
nitrogen
The time it takes for light from the sun to reach the earth is approximately
8 minutes
Of the following types of clouds the ones that occur at the greatest height are
Cirrus
New drug test. Group A takes drug, Group B takes sugar pill. Group B is called the
Experimental control
After adding salt to water, the freezing point of the water is
lowered
Radium is stored in lead containers because
the lead absorbs the harmful radiation
The type of joint that attaches the arm to the shoulder blade is the
Ball and socket
Limes were eaten by British sailors in order to prevent
Scurvy
The time that it takes for the earth to rotate 45 degrees is
3 hours
Of the following planets the one that has the shortest revolutionary period around the sun is
Mercury
What is the negative particle that circles the nucleus of that atom
Electron
In the international system of units a measurement for mass is a
kilogram
What is energy called that is derived from the earth’s internal heat
geothermal
Compounds that include fat and oils found in foods and the human body are
lipids
Resistance is the tendency for a material to the flow of electrons and is measured in
Ohms
In order for a lunar eclipse to take place the
Earth axis of rotation must pint toward the moon
A scientist who studies animals would be called a
Zoologist
A group of tissues in the human body which work together is
organ
What is an insect scientist called
Entomologist
A “dalton” is a unit of measurement for measuring
mass
The adult human of average age and size has approximately how many quarts of blood
6
The smallest of the formed elements of blood are the
platelets
Polaris is the
north star
A fish breathes with
Gills
The type of element an atom is determined by
The number of protons
Seasons are caused primarily by
The earths tilting on its axis
Planets in our solar system rotate
counter clockwise
A common name for NaCl is
Salt
Animals that eat plants and other animals are called
Omnivores
Which planet in the solar system has the least surface gravity
Pluto
How many legs does an arachnid have
8
A herpetologist would be primarily concerned with
reptiles
Excepting the three tiny bones in each ear, how many bones are there in a normal adult skeleton
200
An elephant can not
jump
Blood is returned to the heart through tubes called
veins
What kind of bird can build a nest which weighs more than a ton
Bald Eagle
Paleontologist studies
Dinosaurs
Which planet in our solar system has the shortest year
Mercury
Chloroplasts are found in which type of cells
Plant cells
Your forearm contains two bones. The ulna and
Radius
Which planet in our solar system has the longest day
Venus
Which of the Earths Natural elements has the highest atomic number
Uranium
The lowest or most narrow level of the classification of organisms is called
species
Water freezes at what temperature
0 degrees C
Is burning charcoal in your BBq a chemical reaction
Yes
Where are electrons found in an atom
Orbiting around the nucleus
H20 is the chemical formula
Water and Ice
What percentage of elements are metals
75%
How many meters are there in a kilometer
1000
An oxide is formed when an element is chemically combined with what type of specific element
Oxygen
A very strong acid would have a pH closer to
1
Carbon has an atomic number of 6. How many protons would the element contain
6
Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes
What percentage of the worlds population lives in the US
6%
Which is the deepest ocean
Pacific Ocean
Which of the planets i our solar system has the most know moons
Jupiter
What does the color of a start signify
surface temperature
What planet does the moon named lo orbit
Jupiter
Cloroplast
Help plant cells turn sunlight into energy for the plant
Lanthanum
Has a higher atomic number than uranium but is not a natural element
Nitrogen
Makes up 78% of the gases in the air
Jupiter
has 60 known moons
Pacific Ocean
Averages about 4000 meters deep
Star color
Blue stars are hotter than red stars
Pentagon
5 sided polygon
Hexagon
6 sided polygon
Octagon
8 sided polygon
Decagon
10 sided polygon
Triangle
3 sided polygon
Quadrilateral
4 sided polygon
Polygon
closed in shape, made up of 3 or more straight lines
Equilateral Triangle
All 3 sides are equal, the angles of all 3 sides are 60 degrees each
Isosceles Triangle
2 sides have the same length and angle
Scalene Triangle
All three sides and all three angles are unequal
Acute Triangle
All 3 angles are less than 90 degrees
Obtuse Triangle
1 angle is greater than 90 degrees
Right triangle
Has a 90 degree right angle
Hypotenuse
Longest side of a right triangle. Other sides are called legs
Concurrent Triangles
Triangles which are identical
Similar Triangles
Triangles are the same shape but not the same size
Special lines
Indicate altitudes, medians, and angle bisections
Quadrilateral
Polygon with 4 sides. Sum always measure 360 degrees
Parallelogram
Quadrilateral whose opposing sides are parallel to each other. Opposite sides are also equal
Rectangle
All angles are 90 degrees
Square
All four sides equal in length
Rhombus
All four sides equal but 2 are slanted
Trapezoid
Two sides are parallel but two are not
Circle
360 degrees Circumference is the length around
Diameter
Line going across the circle, 1/2 circle
Radius
1/2 the diameter
Perimeter
Sum of the length of all sides
Pythagorean Theorem
A^2 + B^2 = C^2
Diameter of Circle
2 x radius
Circumference of a circle
Pi x diameter
Area of Rectangle or Square
Length x Width
Area of Parallelogram
Base x Height
Area of Triangle
1/2 (Base x height)
Area of Circle
pi x radius^2
Volume
inside 3 dimensional objects
Rectangle volume
L x W x H
Cube/Square Volume
1 side cubed (s3)
Cylinder volume
Base x Height
Base = pi x radius^2
In chemistry what are alpha particles
helium nuclei
A dalton is a unit measure for
mass
The Baume scale is used to measure
specific gravity
The antoine equation is ued to
estimate the vapor pressure of pure liquids or solids
Surplus red blood cells are stored in the
Spleen
What region of the of brain influences body temp, metabolism
hypothalamus
What causes stars to twinkle
turbulent air
Electrons which move thru an electric circuit as a current have a
negative charge
Fire is a form of
Energy
Rust is caused by a chemical reaction know as
oxidation
When heat is transferred through a solid the process is called
conduction
The time it takes the earth to rotate 45 degrees is
3 hours
At higher altitudes, water boils
At a lower temperature
What is the name for the negative particle which circles the nucleus of the atom
electron
When entering a climb from level flight, the weight of the aircraft
results in increased drag
Turbulence is caused by
Convective air currents, obstructions to wind flow, wind shear
A minimally safe airspeed descent is principally used
when clearing obstacles during landing
An aircraft must travel _____ @ 10,000 ft than at 1,000 ft
Faster
Are flaps a primary flight control
No
When a flt is identified as “heavy” it means
more than 250,000 pounds of gross weight
What does the term yaw mean
directional turning from the tail section
The IFF on a military aircraft
indicates whether an aircraft is an enemy or ally
The line on an airspeed indicator to warn that operating above the indicated level is dangerous is colored
Red
When taking off into a headwind, the result will be
shorter takeoff distance and increased climb angle
If one end of a rwy is number 27 what will the other end be
09
