Aviation Flashcards
Misc flying Data
1
Q
Every Nautical mile distance
A
approx. 300’ of height
2
Q
CAMPS - When doing maneuvers
A
- Clear turns
- Altitude
- Mixture rich
- Place to land
- Seat belts
3
Q
GUMPS
A
- Gas selected to both
- Under carriage for landing gear
- Mixer set to rich
- Propeller angle (N/A)
- Seat Belts
4
Q
Emergency Locator Transmitter ELT
A
- 1200 for VFR
* To test set to 121.5 and for every 5 minutes after every hour, and turn on ELT
5
Q
Light communication
A
- Flashing white - return to starting point/NA
- Steady green - cleared to takeoff/cleared to land
- Flashing green - cleared to taxi/return for landing
- Steady red - Stop/give way and continue circling
- Flashing red- Clear runway/Airport unsafe do not land
- Alternating red&green - Use caution
6
Q
AWOS
A
Automated Weather Observing System
7
Q
ASOS
A
Automated Surface Observing System
8
Q
In case there is no tower, announce yourself via CTAF/UNICOM
A
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
* Best to do when 10 miles out form airport
9
Q
Multicom
A
122.9 for airports that use generic common advisory frequency
10
Q
Pressure Altitude
A
PA = (29.92- Current Altimeter setting) * 1000 + Field elevation
Pressure Altitude is the altitude read from an altimeter when the altimeter’s barometric scale has been set to 29.92 inches of mercury
11
Q
ABC to simulate engine quitting
A
- Airspeed for glide 68
- Best place to land
- Check list
12
Q
PARE during spin control
A
- Power idle
- Aileron neutral
- Rudder opposite direction of spin
- Elevator down to get airspeed
13
Q
Density Altitude
A
120 * (temp deviation form standard) + PA
To get temperature deviation from standard: 1) multiply 2 deg C (the standard temp lapse rate) times your pressure altitude in thousands of feet
2) subtract that number from 15 deg C (the standard temp at sea level) to get the standard temp for that pressure altitude
3) subtract the standard temp from the actual temp to get the deviation
(120 is the number of feet of correction for each degree of Celsius of difference between actual and the standard (ISA) for your altitude)
14
Q
For every 1% gradient, what is the % change in effective runway length
A
10%
15
Q
CG Moment
A
Weight x Arm = Moment
16
Q
CG
A
Total moment / Total weight
17
Q
Weight of fuel (avgas)
A
About 6lbs/gal
18
Q
Weight of oil
A
About 7.5lbs/gal (empty weight already include full oil, but you need to know this if its less than full)
19
Q
What is the Emergency frequency
A
121.5
20
Q
Short field takeoffs
A
1) start at the beginning of the runway
2) 10% flap
3) hold the brakes and add power
4) accelerate to a speed of 51KIAS
5) use Vx of 56 to clear obstacle
6) once cleared, increase speed to 60. retract flap and then Vy (74)
21
Q
Short field landings
A
1) land into wind
2) full flaps with 61KIAS
3) once obstacle is cleared, lower the nose
4) heavily apply break
22
Q
METAR
A
Aviation routine weather report - transmitted hourly
1) Type of report (METAR or SPECI (updated)
2) Station Identifier
3) Date and time of report (UTC)
4) Modifier (AUTO, COR (corrected), AO1, AO2)
5) Wind (if greater than 99knots, then 6 digits; VAR for variable; G for gust)
6) Visibility (SM = statute mile) (RVR = runway visibility range)
7) Weather
8) Sky conditions
9) Temp and dew point
10) Altimeter
11) Zulu time
12) Remarks (RMK other info deemed necessary)
23
Q
SPECI
A
Aviation selected special weather report - transmitted immediately if significant change occurs
24
Q
TAF
A
Terminal aerodrome forecast - weather forecast within 5SM of a major airport issued at 00/06/12/18Z
25
FA
Area forecast over an area of several states to be used in conjunction with in-flight weather advisories - SIGMETS (weather potentially hazardous to all aircrafts), Convective SIGMETS (thunderstorm activities), AIRMETS (hazardous weather but less intensive than SIGMETS) - to determine weather conditions not covered by TAF
* Covers 6 majors areas across the US and is issued three times a day
26
FD
Wind and temp aloft forecast at various levels used for aircraft performance and cross country planning released twice daily.
* 9000 2826-14 (at 9000ft, wind form 280deg true at 26knts and -14deg Celsius.
* above 24,000 ft, the "-" omitted for temp
* wind not included below 1,500 ft
* temp not included below 2,500ft
* winds velocity of 100knts - are coded between 51-86deg so it should alert you to subtract 50 from wind direction and add 100 to the speed for example 34000 730649, at 34,000ft, wind form 230deg true and 106knots and -49deg celsius.
27
In flight weather advisories
Include AIRMETS, SIGMETS, Convective SIGMETS, are reference in relation to VOR, airports or well known geo locations. (you get this by preflight weather briefing or inflight by calling FSS to ask for weather)
28
AIRMETS
Airmen's meteorological Information
DUATS, Fltplan.com, or NOAA
It has fixed alphabetical designators (Sierra for IFR and mountain obstructions; Tango is for turbulence, strong surface winds and WS; Zulu is for icing and freezing levels)
29
SIGMENTS
Significant meteorological information
| Duats, Fltplan.com, or NOAA
30
CWA
Center Weather Advisory is issued by an air route traffic control center and broadcasted over the center's frequency as a supplement to SIMET, AIRMET or when the conditions are there but they have not been posted
31
Flight Watch
in flight weather service - avail on freq 122.0
| for example - boston flight watch is what you would say
32
For cross country trip planning
1) Airport facility directory for info on all airports
2) Review all sectional and terminal area charts
3) Call FSS 800-wxbriefs (freq 122.2) to obtain weather briefing and filling a flight plan (also identified on sec chart communication box)
4) NOTAMS and TFR
5) Do Navigation computation
6) Pack survival gear
7) request flight tracking on the ground for clearance delivery freq (with R in front of the code i.e. Boston Approach)
33
TIME-SPEED-DISTANCE problems E6-B
D=SxT
T=D/S
S=D/T
Distance always goes on the outside
34
Fuel Problems E6-B
Quantity=RxT
R=Q/T
T=Q/R
Gallons always goes on the outside
35
Ture VS Magnetic North
1) Difference is called variation
2) Easterly variation happen on west
3) Westerly variation happen on east
4) Isogonic (same angle)
5) TN lines are solid black vertical lines on chart
6) MN lines are magenta dashed lines labeled with E or W (subtract Easterly and add Westerly)
for example given 090 TN with 15deg E variation, the MN = 90-15=75deg MN
36
WCA Wind Correction Angle
Difference between the Magnetic course heading i want and the magnetic heading you are actually flying
37
CH Compass heading
1) TC +/-VAR = MC
2) MC +/- WCA = MH
3) MH +/- Dev = CH
38
Winds Aloft are always indicated by
True north
39
Wind problem question for navigation
1) suppose you want to go to TC of 61deg heading
2) call weather briefing and they say that wind is coming from 280 @ 30knots
3) determine the cruise portion (TAS) of the flight (get from POH)
4) next check the chart for the nearest isogonic line nearest my course line
5) check for compass heading correction in the plane for the direction you are headed
6) follow the instructions on the top of the E6-B
40
VOR Stuff (Very-high freq omni-directional radio range
1) OBS is the main (Omni bearing Selector
2) CDI Course dev indicator (2deg for each dot) or center if on course with to/fm
3) the closer to VOR, the dot has a different value
at 1nm, 1 dot = 200ft
at 30nm, 1 dot = 30 x 200ft = 6000ft = 1nm
at 60nm, 1 dot = 60 x 200ft = 12000ft = 1nm
4) To use it:
* tune in and listen to morse code
* turn the OBS to the desired course
5) if wind is taking you off course, then use a rule of thumb where for every dot (2deg), double the number in deg of turn to the opposite side to correct for the angel.
41
Weather
1) Weather briefing (FSS, AFSS, NWS, DUATS) in standard, abbreviated, or outlook
2) Weather report (METAR, PIREPS, RAREPS -radar weather report)
3) Weather forecast
* TAF Terminal Aerodrome forecast (5 miles around the airport) - same as METAR
* FA (Area forecast) - six areas in the US come in four sections (Header, Precautionary statement, Synopsis, VFR cloud and weather
4) while in route: (AIRMET, SIGMET or Conv SIGMET, Winds and Temp aloft FD)
* EFAS - Enroute Flight Advisory Service - 122.0 for 5,000AGL and 17,500MSL)
* HIWAS (Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory over selected NAVAIDS (symbol H on the corner). it includes SIGMETS, AIRMETS, Conv SIGMETS and Urgent PIREPS.
5) Weather charts (Surface analysis, Weather depiction - IFR less than 1000ft and 3miles - hatched area in smooth lines; MVFR - 1-3000ft and 3-5miles - non-hatched area with smooth lines; VFR is not outlined), Radar summary charts, Significant weather prognostic charts)
42
ARTCC
Air route Traffic Control Center are responsible for maintaining separation for IFR and may update on weather
43
FD Winds aloft
Wind direction is from true north in Celsius
* if wind is between 100-199knots, the comp adds 50 to the direction and subtract 100 from speed so need to reverse to figure out the direction and speed.
* if greater than 200, the system put 99 for speed)
* if calm and less than 5knots, 9900 light/variable
44
When flying into other airports
1) Review aeronautical charts
2) A/FD Learn the airport
3) NOTAMS (avail in hourly weather reports & FSS
45
Airport lighting
1) White/Green - Civilian
2) White/Yellow - Waster airport
3) White/Yellow/Green - Helicopter
4) two quick white/one green - military
46
Class A
18,000' or higher MSL up to FL 600 and over waters away 12nm from shore - must be IFR
47
Class B
Generally surface to 10,000MSL
48
Class C
Generally surface to 4,000MSL (or 1,200 - 4,000) - surface with 5nm diameter and upper level with 10nm diameter.
49
Class D
Surface to 2,500MSL.
50
Class E
Anything not in A, B, C, D and is controlled, is in E. starts from either 700 or 1,200' to 17,999. and the airspace above FL600
51
Class G
Surface to the base of class E.
52
Four Navigations systems for VFR
1) VHF Omnidirectional Range VOR
2) Non-directional Radio Beacon NDB
3) Long Range Navigation (LORAN-C)
4) GPS
53
VOR
Available in three ways:
1) VOR (magnetic north direction) line of sight
2) VOR/DME
3) VORTAC (military tactical naiads)
To use:
a) Tune into freq for VOR and confirm morse
b) center the CDI needle and have TO
c) turn the aircraft toward the heading indicated on the azimuth dial
d) check for wind direction. if you deviate, the needle will move. fly toward the needle to get on course again.
54
ADF Automatic Direction Finder
* Operated on low freq 190-1750khz
* Magenta dotted circle with a blue box with BS
* Relative Bearing (RB) is the clockwise angle between the nose of the plane to the station
* Magnetic Heading (MH) is the direction of the nose of the plane on the instrument (magnetic compass/heading indicator
* Magnetic Bearing (MB) is the magnetic direction to fly to have the nose of the plane pointed TO the station = RB + MH (If more than 360deg, subtract 360. From the station, you add/sub 180deg from the MB To the station.
55
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
56
AROW
1) Air worthiness certificate (remains effective as long as maintained in accordance with FAR) - check all airworthiness directives AD - has no expiration -
2) Registration (who owns the plane
3) Operating Limitation
4) Weight and Balance info
57
Glide ratio
at 68knots, for every 1000' above you can glide 9000ft or (1.5nm)
58
Airplane left turning tendency
torque, slipstream, p-factor
59
Airplane Inspection
1) Annually every 12 months or 100hr inspection for airplanes for hire and logged in the maintenance book
2) Transponder every 24 months
3) Altimeter and Pitot static tube evert 24 months
4) ELT every 12 months but the battery must be replace or recharged a) transponder has been in use more than one cumulative hour and b) more than 50% of its useful life has expired.
5) Airworthiness Directive - due to a problem discovered in the field not covered in 100hr or annual inspection
60
Electrical system
Alternator
Battery
Master switch
Circuit brakers
61
In norther hemisphere
if coming form North, turn east, the mag goes to west. and vice versa.
if accelerate toward east or west, the mag will tilt toward north.
nothing if on a n or s heading
62
At sea altitude, the pressure of weight of the atmosphere is
14.7 PSI.
63
The density effect on aircraft - as air becomes less dense
it reduces
power, because the engine takes less air
thrust, since the propeller is less efficient in thin air
lift, since the thin air exerts less force on the airfoils
64
Standard atmosphere at sea level is
at 59deg F (15deg C), 29.92 "HG or 1013.2 mb
65
Temp lapse rate
decreases by 2degC or 3.5degF per 1000ft up to 36,000. Above this the temp is considered constant till 80,000ft.
66
Pressure (standard) lapse rate
decreases by 1"HG per 1000ft up to 10,000ft
67
As the density of the air increases
aircraft performance increases
| lower density alt
68
As the density of the air decreases
aircraft performance decreases
| higher density alt
69
Density vs Pressure vs Temp
Density varies directly with pressure (only at constant temp) and inversely with temperature (only at constant pressure)
70
Conditions for high density alt
High elevation, low atmospheric pressure, high temp and high humidity
71
Conditions for low density alt
Low elevation, high atmospheric pressure, low temp and low humidity
72
Effect of moisture (humidity) on density
Since water vapor is lighter than air, the higher the moisture, the lighter the air, air becomes less dense, increasing density alt and decreasing performance.
73
Cloud forms when
dew point and temp meet. the lapse rate is 4.4degF/1000ft
73
Multicomm freq
122.9
74
Unicom freq
122.7, .8, .725, .975 or 123.0
75
Ground comm freq are mostly between
121.6-9
76
FSS freq
122.2
77
Flight watch freq
122.00
