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elimination and detox - wk 3 > avian nephrology > Flashcards

avian nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

avain adapations are related to ability to ____

A

fly

  • aerodynamic
  • weight reduction
  • flight/migration stamina
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2
Q

what do birds lack in their urinary tract

A

urinary bladder and urethra, instead they have a cloaca

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3
Q

where do the kidneys sit

A

renal fossa of synacrum in the coelom

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4
Q

what is the synsacrum

A

depression in lumbar spinal column

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5
Q

what are the 3 sections of the kidneys

A
  • cranial pole
  • middle pole
  • caudal pole
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6
Q

the kidneys are in close associated with ____ and ____ plexi

A

lumbar and sacral

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7
Q

in the microscopic anatomy of the kidney, what do birds lack?

A
  • distinct single cortex and medulla
  • no renal pelvis
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8
Q

what are the two different types of nephrons

A

cortical
* akin to reptiles
* most abundant
* uric acid through glomeruli into PCT; NO LOOP OF HENLE

medullary
* akin to mammals
* have loop of henle in medullary region
* forming/concentrating urine
* more abundant in birds from deserts

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9
Q

ureters lined by and secrete

A
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
  • mucus secretion
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10
Q

what does mucus secretion aid in

A

passing of urates

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11
Q

where do the ureters enter

A

urodeum

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12
Q

parts of cloaca

A
  • coprodeum
  • urodeum
  • proctodeum
  • vent
  • bursa
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13
Q

coprodeum

A
  • cranial compartment
  • rectum empties; part of colon
  • separates urodeum by coprourodeal fold (vital for mixing of GI and Uro contents)
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14
Q

urodeum

A
  • middle compartment
  • ureters and genital ducts empties here
  • can retropulse urine from urodeum to coprodeum and intestines for water resorption
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15
Q

proctodeum

A
  • short compartment
  • empties into vent
  • bursa on dorsal wall
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16
Q

vent

A
  • external opening of cloaca
  • variably shaped
  • muscular sphincter controls for excretion and copulation
17
Q

bursa

A
  • dorsal extension of proctodeum
  • unique to birds
  • site of B cell maturation
  • regresses with age
18
Q

what are salt glands

A
  • present in all birds
  • most prominent in sea birds (drink salt water; excretion of salt)
  • prominent in birds from arid climates
  • countercurrent blood flow removes salt from blood
  • pass from nasal passages to be sneezed out
19
Q

where are the adrenal glands

A
  • cranial to kidneys and gonads
  • adjacent to aorta and caudal vena cava
20
Q

adrenal glands microanatomy

A

cortex not well differentiated from the medulla

21
Q

what hormones are secreted where in the adrenal gland

A
  • adrenaline and norepinephrine secreted by medulla
  • corticosterone (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid) and aldosterone from cortex
22
Q

desert birds conserve water with:

A
  • more medullar nephrons concentrate urine more efficiently
  • cooling warm air through blood supply in the nares
  • ~20-40% less water in excrement in birds from arid regions
23
Q

dehydration prevented in migratory birds due to:

A
  • high altitude preventing evaporative water loss
  • water produced from metabolizing fat stores
  • flying at night (cooler air)
24
Q

what are the 3 components of avian droppings

A
  • feces: brown/green part made of solid waste
  • urates/uric acid: byproduct of protein catabolism which is white and chalky
  • urine: liquid component; usually clear
25
Q

90% of urine portion is reabsorbed by ___

A

tubules

26
Q

what is the major mechanism of water control that is similar to mammals

A

tubular resorption

27
Q

what does retroperistalsis do

A

move urates to rectum, mixing with feces

28
Q

what is the main endproduct of protein catabolism

A

uric acid

  • high protein diet = high blood uric acid levels
29
Q

uric acid is made in the liver and excreted in kidney by:

A
  • filtration of glomeruli
  • direct tubular secretion
30
Q

liver produces uric acid regardless of:

A

urine flow by cortical nephrons (even in dehydrated birds)

elimination and detox - wk 3 (6 decks)

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