Avian Medicine Flashcards
Most common infection in a penguin
aspergillosis
feathers are organized in tracts called
apteria
good sites for blood collection
jugular vein, wing vein/ulnar vein
What is preening
utilizing uropygial gland located dorsally to tail base to oil and zip barbules of feathers together
allows for waterproofing and protection
an ungroomed bird is
a sick bird
a mature feather is an ______ feather
empty
What are stress bars
stress shown in feathers as damage during the state of growth, this is likely location of feather breakage
Primary feathers
originate from carpus distally, most outside
start counting on most distal feather counting inwards (1o–>1)
secondary feathers
originate along length of radius/ulna
tertiary feathers
continue in from secondaries
Why is ulna larger in birds?
ulna is larger in birds because radius doesn’t need to do any weight bearing and ulna supports the feathers
Pneumatized bones
strong but brittle, are hollow bones with trabeculae
T/f: can put intraosseous catheter in ulna
yes
Atlanto-occipital joint
single occipital condyle allows for better rotation of neck
cervical vertebrae
10-12+ depending on species
Notarium
fused thoracic vertebrae
synsacrum
ileum, ischium and pubis are fused
What separates the notarium and synsacrum?
a loose vertebrae
Sternum of bird
keel
what muscles do you assess body condition with
pectoral muscles (and the keel)
3 bones of the shoulder
Clavicle (furcula): “wishbone”
Coracoid: large supportive bone for shoulder, connects to keel
Scapula: located dorsally - long and extending 1/3 of way down lateral to vertebrae
T/F you can do a blood draw from medial metatarsal vein
true
T/F: humerus and femur are both pneumatic bones
true
Nares
sit on top of the cere (growing part of beak)
Choana
connects oral cavity w/ respiratory system
palatine fissure
birds don’t have soft palate
Trachea
no epiglottis
complete tracheal rings
endoscopy - bifurcation most important to note, foreign bodies can lodge here, should not have opacities
Syrinx
no vocal cords, but use this to make sounds
below bifurcation of trachea, foreign bodies like to get stuck here
Bronchus
para-bronchi visible in xray
Lungs
rigid, very little elasticity
tightly adhered to ribs
parabronchi - tiny holes, similar to honeycomb (reticular pattern)
air sacs
do not play direct role in gas exchange
store extra air
allow continuous stream of air to pass through lungs in one way flow
connect to pneumatic bones and remove excess heat as birds breath
clear, transparent membrane (plastic bags)
Respiratory physiology
lack diaphragm
movement of sternum and ribs provide mechanical force for inspiratory and expiratory movements
unidirectional flow through lungs
Inspiration: most air goes to caudal airsac but some through lungs
sacs expand during inspiration and contract during expiration
gas exchange occurs as air passes through lungs on inspiration and expiration
there is no functional residual volume, air must be constantly flowing
Anesthesia induction
vapor wand - need clear plastic bag that you place animal inside , get long tube to inject isoflurane then start vaporizing it, manually pump iso
mask induction - start at higher percent (5%), move down because then you can get a stressed bird down easily
anesthesia maintenance
NO CUFF on tube or don’t inflate cuff
too tight = pressure necrosis
tape to lower mandible
Monitoring anesthesia
heat source, pulse ox, temp probe, esophageal stethoscope, doppler
even if bird breathing normal, provide PPV 2-4 times per min - be getle
Recovery from anesthesia
stop isoflurane, continue O2 a few mins, hold bird upright
if giving butorphanol, give prior to induction because lasts long and keeps bird down a long time
Air sac canulation
perforate caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac and put tracheal tube in
gives air to animal that isn’t breathing well
how many air sacs to birds have
9
