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Avian Biology > Avian Bio Test 2 > Flashcards

Avian Bio Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Families that pheasants, guineas, ducks, and pigeons belong to.

A

Phasianidae (pheasants)
Numdidae (guineas)
Anatidae (ducks)
Columbidae (pigeons)

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2
Q

How many eggs will a guinea produce?

A

French Galor can produce 170 eggs in 36 week laying period

Produce up to 200 eggs in laying span

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae in a chicken?

A

13 bones out of 39 in the whole spinal column

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4
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

Skeletal structure of birds, the sacrum is extended

Fused lumbar, sacral, and caudel vertebrae 2nd

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5
Q

What is the atlas?

A

The first ring shaped, cervical bone

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6
Q

What is the notarium?

A

fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds

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7
Q

What is the pygostyle?

A

fused caudal vertebrae 3rd

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8
Q

What is the choana?

A

slit in the roof of the mouth that connects the sinuses to the trachea

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9
Q

What is the Cloaca?

A

the distention of the large intestine, end of the gastrointestinal tract

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10
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

Crop – Food Storage

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11
Q

What is the ventriculus?

A

gizzard

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12
Q

What is the koilin

A

tough layer that lines the gizzard

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13
Q

What is the meckels diverticulum?

A

leftover yolk gland on small intestine

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14
Q

What is the ingluvia?

A

crop

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15
Q

What is the pterylae?

A

feathered areas on the skin

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16
Q

What is molting?

A

feathers are shed, allows the oviduct to heal

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17
Q

What is uropygial gland?

A

at the base of the tail, releases preen oil

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18
Q

What is the thrombocyte?

A

platelets for blood clotting

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19
Q

What is the syrinx?

A

voice box, flattened area of the trachea

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20
Q

What are air sacs?

A

attached to the lungs, assist in respiration

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21
Q

What is the ureter?

A

tube which connects the kidneys

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22
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

tubular organ which produces an egg

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23
Q

What are the 5 regions of the oviduct?

A 
infundibulum
magnum
isthmus
vagina
Shell gland
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24
Q

How many chambers are there in the avian heart?

A

L/R atrium, L/R ventricle

4 chambers

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25
Q

How many air sacs in a chicken?

A

9

That work to move air in and out of the lungs

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26
Q

Superficial veins in a chicken..?

A

Veins close to the surface of the skin

Jugular, Brachial, & Ischiadic

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27
Q

ZZ vs ZW as to chromosomes in avians

A

Hen (female) - ZW

Determines the sex of the chick

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28
Q

What are the public bones not fused in a bird?

A

allow the egg to pass through the public bones

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29
Q

About how many muscles are in a bird?

A

175

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30
Q

What are the types of muscles in a bird?

A

sternal, bursa, bone, cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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31
Q

What is the function of the beak in a bird?

A

bust out of the egg, eat, and defend itself

Function as lips and teeth

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32
Q

Do birds have a diaphragm?

A

No, they use the air sacs to move air through the lungs

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33
Q

What are some comb styles?

A

Buttercup, Single, Rose, Pea, Walnut, Strawberry, Cushion, Carnation, V

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34
Q

What is something unique about the skin and bones of birds?

A

Very light to support flight

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35
Q

What is the approximate heart rate of a chicken?

A

250-300 bpm

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36
Q

How many ovaries does a chicken have?

A

usually one

Very rarely it may have 2 oviducts with 1 ovary each

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37
Q

What color are the eyes of a chicken?

A

bright yellow, orange

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38
Q

What is the liver like in the chicken?

A

Largest organ in the chicken

Chicks will have a yellow liver from yolk absorption

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39
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium

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40
Q

What is the incubation period for ducks?

A 
28 days (Pekins)
35 days (Muscovys)
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41
Q

What is the incubation period for pigeons?

A

16-18 days

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42
Q

What is the incubation period for guineas?

A

26-28 days

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43
Q

What is the incubation period for quail?

A

18 days days

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44
Q

What is the incubation period for coturnix quail?

A

16-17 days

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45
Q

What is the incubation period for pheasant?

A

23-28 days

46
Q

Who is the leading producer of guinea fowl in Europe and in the world?

A

France is 1st with 45K tons per year

China

47
Q

What is a French Galor?

A

Guinea fowl

breed great for egg laying

48
Q

What is a certified guinea?

A

Guineas which are certified not to have guinea worm disease

Guinea raised in 82 days

49
Q

What is a Label Rouge guinea?

A

highest grade of guinea meat

Guinea raised in 94 days

50
Q

What is organic guinea?

A

Guinea raised in 98 days

51
Q

Market ages for guineas?

A

12 weeks

52
Q

Market ages for Pigeons?

A

4 weeks

53
Q

Market ages for ducks?

A

Pekin - 6 weeks, Muscovy - 12 weeks

54
Q

What do most people in the USA use guinea fowl for?

A

Insect control

“watch dogs” to let them know when someone is intruding

55
Q

Where is the most US duck production?

A 
Maple Leaf Farms (Indiana)
Culver Farms (Indiana)
56
Q

Where is the most US pigeon production?

A

…

57
Q

What are two breeds of pigeons and ducks used in commercial production?

A

Ducks - Muscovy & Pekin

Pigeons - Kind

58
Q

How many eggs do commercial guinea fowl produce?

A

170 in 36 weeks

59
Q

How many eggs do commercial ducks produce?

A

240-300+ per year

60
Q

How many eggs do commercial pigeons produce?

A

12-16 Squab per year

61
Q

How are commercial guinea fowl raised?

A

…

62
Q

How are commercial ducks raised?

A

Use wire floors
Fed pellets and crumbles
Confined or semi-confined

63
Q

How are commercial pigeons raised?

A

Raised by their parents in aviaries

64
Q

How are commercial chickens raised?

A

…

65
Q

Which company is the US leader in duck production?

A

Maple Leaf Farms (Indiana)

30 million ducks a year

66
Q

Which company is the US leader in squabs?

A

Palmetto Farms

67
Q

What is the feed conversion for guineas compared to chickens?

A

3.3-3.6

68
Q

What is crop milk?

A

For pigeons

Secretion from the lining of the crop given to the babies by the parents

69
Q

How many pigeons will a pair of pigeons produce commercially?

A

…

70
Q

What is a pato duck?

A

Muscovy

71
Q

Where is the Cornell Duck Research lab?

A

Long Island, NY

72
Q

What company is the 2nd largest producer of ducks in the USA?

A

Culver Farms

73
Q

What are Khaki Campbell and Runner ducks used for?

A

Khaki Campbell - great egg production

Runner ducks - egg production

74
Q

What is foie gras?

A

fattened liver of a duck. It’s a delicacy, made by forcing food down the throat of the bird

75
Q

Which state is the leading producer of duck eggs for the table?

A

California

76
Q

What is a bault?

A

Duck egg harvested after 18 days of embryonic development

77
Q

What are the space requirements for commercial ducks?

A

3 feet for layers

78
Q

Keet

A

young guinea fowl

79
Q

Drake

A

male duck

80
Q

Squab

A

young domestic pigeon

81
Q

Bault

A

duck egg harvested after 18 days of embryonic development

82
Q

Pekin

A

most popular white meat duck

83
Q

White English, Embden, Grey Toulouse

A

meat geese

84
Q

In conducting a field evaluation necropsy what three types of birds are necropsied and why?

A
  1. Dead - previously sick bird
  2. Live sick bird - then killed after taken
  3. Live okay bird - then killed after taken
85
Q

What is necropsy?

A

Taking a dead bird (within 8 hours of its death) and finding the cause of its death.
Chickens internal and external organs

86
Q

What are the two most important points of restraining avian species?

A

Handler safety

Bird safety

87
Q

Why is it important to necropsy fresh dead birds?

A

Decomposition may set in and alter the bird

88
Q

List 2 dangers to the bird during restraint. List 2 dangers to the handler when restraining a bird.

A

Bird: suffocation & broken wings
Handlers: pecked & scratched

89
Q

Describe wet posting vs dry posting methods for conduction a necropsy.

A

Wet: where you wet bird down before necropsy (cleaner because feather don’t stick as much)
Dry: do not wet bird down

90
Q

When restraining a turkey they can be grasped by the legs and rested on their ___.

A

Breast

91
Q

Tissues for histopathological examination are collected and placed in ___ for further examination microscopically.

A

Formalin

92
Q

Other than physically restraining a bird; what are two methods of restraint that were covered in class?

A
  1. Putting them to sleep by medicine

2. Hypnosis

93
Q

What organ of the digestive system functions to grind food?

A

Gizzard

94
Q

What are some basic needs of a bird that good housing should provide?

A
  1. Good litter quality
  2. Well structured building
  3. Good ventilation systems
  4. Appropriate feed and watering systems
  5. Right size to accommodate # of birds
95
Q

What are the two materials US poultry houses are constructed from.
What is usually the determining factor to decide which to use?

A

Steel and Wood
Steel - cheaper, longevity, quickly built, open ceiling, not good for tunnel ventilation
Wood - Ranges in prices, food for tunnel ventilation, good for insulation

96
Q

What are two functions of insulating a poultry house?

Where is insulation usually added?

A
  1. Conserve heat during winter
  2. Prevent radiant heat during summer
    Most often under the roof
97
Q

What does the R-Value of insulation mean?

A

Ability of insulation to prevent heat transfer

Thermal resistance

98
Q

Why is it important to provide a moisture or vapor barrier along with insulation?

A

Prevent insulation from getting wet

99
Q

What are the two types of feeder or feeding systems? Describe the pros and cons of each.

A

Conveyor belt & pan – good at having little injury risk to birds, quicker at filling pens, less feed waste
Chain and trough – can injure birds from eq., slow to fill, waste more food

100
Q

Why is it important to measure feed consumption of chickens on a daily basis?

A

Make sure birds are eating right

101
Q

What are the two most common types of watering equipment?

Describe pros and cons of each

A

Open – hard to keep clean, easier to find for chicks, easier to adjust for birds
Closed – easy to clean, harder to use for chicks, adjust to size of bird

102
Q

What are a couple of disadvantages of an open watering system?

A

They get dirty easy

They can be spilled easier (wet litter)

103
Q

What are some possible causative factors for an accumulation of moisture in the litter of a chicken house?

A 
Bad ventilation
spilled water from birds
too cold
chickens drank too much causing wet litter
leak
104
Q

What are two types of poultry litter of bedding used in commercial houses?

A

Rice hulls

Wood shavings

105
Q

What are the primary functions of the litter we add to houses?

A 
Soft but compressible
Light weight
Medium in size
Able to dry easy
Easy to clean
Good for warmth
106
Q

Who is the creator of the White King Pigeons?

A

Harry Baker

1890

107
Q

How many eggs will a wild guinea lay?

A

60

108
Q

How many eggs will a domestic guinea lay?

A

170 in 36 weeks

109
Q

What is All in/All out?

A

Keeping all the birds in a facility at the same age, bringing them all in at one time from once source and removing them all at one time.

110
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Necropsy for humans

Avian Biology (7 decks)

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