Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

More week 11 > Avian Anatomy > Flashcards

Avian Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Avian
Anatomy

what is integument?

what are the 3 types?

A

outer protective layer of an animal

skin
feathers
ornamental features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Avian
Anatomy

8 features of skin

A
  • Very thin
  • Poorly supplied by
    blood vessels and
    nerves
  • No sweat glands
  • Feather tracks
  • Bruises easily
  • Scales on feet and legs
    are cornified epidermis
  • Beak is a derivative of
    the skin
  • Uropygial gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Uropygial gland/preen gland

where is it
why is it important
who doesn’t have it

A

Uropygial gland/preen gland
 Located at the base of the tail
 Dorsal to the caudal vertebrae
 Particularly important in waterfowl for water- proofing and insulating submerged body
parts
 Absent in amazon parrots and most ratites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Ornamental Features

what are they?
what are the 3 types?
what is unique about ear lobes?

A

Ornamental outgrowth of the skin - thick and vascular dermis, easily injured
and include:

Comb (5)
Wattle (6)
Snood (7)
Ear lobes –remnant of an ear lobe, sometimes white, most birds do not have them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Integument: Skin

Patagium

what is it?
where is it?
what does it do?
what is it made out of?
why is it important?

A

Patagium is the triangular
area between the shoulder,
elbow and wrist joints.
* It increases the surface area of
wing.
* It is composed mainly of skin
and elastic tissue and the
patagial ligament.
* It is important during for flight
aerodynamics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Feathers
what is the Pteryla?

A

Pteryla- tract in the skin where feathers grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Feathers
what is the Apteria?

A

Apteria – featherless skin between pterylae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Feathers
what are contour feathers?

A

Contour feathers – externally visible feathers of flight

  • cover the down feathers
  • define the contours of the body and wings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Feathers
What are down feathers

A

Down feathers – no barbules, under contour feathers, conserve heat, abundant
in waterfowl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Integument: Feathers
4 kids of feathers responsible for flight

A

Primaries
secondaries
wing feathers-regimes
tail feathers-retrices

***see slide for detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Musculoskeletal
Skull

describe 4 features (lower/upper jaw, orbits, occipital)

A

Skull * Lower jaw articulates with upper jaw via quadrate bone
* Upper jaw movable with respect to cranium
* Large orbits separated by interorbital septum
* Single occipital condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Musculoskeletal
Notarium

A

Notarium
* Is a fusion along the dorsal
spinous processes of most of
the thoracic vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Musculoskeletal
Keel and Sternum

A

Keel and Sternum
* Support of internal organs
* Respiration
* Body condition
* Positioning for radiography.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Musculoskeletal
Synsacrum

A

Is a fusion of last 2
or 3 thoracic
vertebrae, all of the
lumbar, all of the
sacral and the first
few caudal
vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Avian
Anatomy

Musculoskeletal
Pygostyle

A

Pygostyle
Is a fusion of the
most caudal 3-4
vertebrae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal
Thoracic limb
describe:

A

Thoracic limb

Modified into a wing
Bird- has a well developed clavicle
Furcula 25– right and left clavicle unite to form the furcula which is
the wishbone
Coracoid 24 bone – extends from the head of the humerus to the keel,
acts as a brace against the vigorous up and down strokes of the wing.
The ulna is larger than the radius
They have: two carpal bones (radial carpal bone and ulnar carpal
bone)

:three metacarpals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

Pneumatic bones

describe
what are they?

A

Pneumatic bones (“hollow”) Humerus & femur

Bones are strong but brittle - open fractures are common

a. Thin cortex
b. Trabeculae for strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

Pelvic limb

what does it do?
what is unique about the femer?
the tibia?
tarsar bones?
distal limb?

A

Pelvic limb

Assumes the role as the sole limb of locomotion

The femur resembles the mammalian bone, may be use for sampling
bone marrow

The tibia fused distally with the proximal row of tarsal bones-
tibiotarsus

The distal row of tarsal bones fused with the metatarsal bone-
tarsometatarsus

Pelvic limb

Distal limb can take different arrangements and aspects.

Can be use for swimming, hunting, wading, grasping food or carrying
items used in nest building.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

Left, ventral wing

comprised of 9 things?

A

1 – triceps
2 – biceps
3 – brachial vein
4 – patagium
5 – extensor carpi radialis
6 – carpal joint
8 – flexor carpi ulnaris
9 – cutaneous ulnar (wing) vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

pectoralis

A

more superficial; its
contraction produces powerful
downstroke of the wing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

supracoracoideus

A

supracoracoideus – smaller; used
mainly for take-off, not flight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Musculoskeletal

2 similarities, 1 difference between the pectoralis and the supercoraciodeus?

A
  • Both originate on the keel
  • Both insert on the humerus
  • Have opposing actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory
Larynx

A

Larynx
* not involved in vocalization
* has a laryngeal mound (landmark for
endotracheal intubation)
* no epiglottis

24
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory
Trachea

A

Trachea
* right side of the neck
* has complete cartilaginous rings
* ends at a bifurcation and the syrinx.

25
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory
Syrinx

*how does this pertain to songbirds?

A

Syrinx
* vocal apparatus at the tracheal bifurcation

Songbirds have evolved a specialized two-sided vocal organ called the syrinx that allows them to perform
impressive feats of vocal gymnastics—including the unique ability to create two unrelated pitches at once.

26
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory
Lungs

A

Lungs* In contact whit the vertebral part of the ribs
* Constant volume unlike mammals
* Closely associated with ventral aspect of ribs

27
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory

Air sacs

A

Air sacs * External to lung
* Clavicular, cervical (singular); cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal (paired)
* Permits unidirectional flow of oxygen through the lungs

28
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Cardiorespiratory
Major anatomical differences between avian and mammalian respiratory tract: (6)

A

Major anatomical differences between avian and mammalian respiratory tract:
* No diaphragm
* No pleural spaces.
* Lungs do not change size during ventilation
* Volume of the lungs do not change
* Presence of air sacs and unidirectional air flow
* Pneumatic bones that communicate with abdomen and thorax

29
Q

Avian
Anatomy
cardiorespiratory
heart

A

Heart structure is similar to mammals
Heart is not covered by the lungs
Apex of the heart is covered by the liver

30
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

describe

A
  • Lack a soft palate
  • Hard palate contains the choana
    (longitudinal fissure) that connects
    the oral and nasal cavities.
  • Choana is lined with caudally directed
    papilla that move food caudally.
31
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

salivary glands

A
  • Salivary glands and taste buds are poorly developed.
  • Birds that eat dry diets (seeds) have salivary glands
    that are more developed that those with wet diets
    (fish)
  • Birds have diffuse salivary glands
32
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

Esophagus

A

Esophagus courses down the right side of
the neck

33
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

Crop
what is it
who has it
who does not have it

A

Crop
* Diverticulum of the esophagus
* Birds that have a crop include: chickens,
turkeys, vultures, hawks, falcons, eagles,
gulls, and many types of quail
* Owls and geese do not have a crop

34
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

Proventriculus

A

Proventriculus
* Glandular stomach
* Secretes digestive enzymes

35
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
Ventriculus

A

Ventriculus
* Grinding stomach
* Breaks up larger food

36
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
Ducts emptying into the duodenum
how many
what are they called?

A

Ducts emptying into the duodenum
* Cysticoenteric duct – from gall bladder
* Hepatoenteric duct – from left lobe of liver

37
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
Vitelline (Meckel’s) diverticulum

A

Vitelline (Meckel’s) diverticulum
* Remnant of the embryonic yolk sac
* Located approximately mid-jejunum
* May become inflamed (similar to appendicitis)

38
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

what two things follow the vitelline diverticulum in bird anatomy?

A

Paired ceca
* Descending colon

**see slides for full info

39
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

name all the parts in descending order starting with the esophagus and ending with the vent

A

esophagus
crop
proventriculus
isthmus
ventriculus
duodenal loop
jejunum
Meckel’s diverticulum
ileum
paired ceca
colon/rectum
cloaca
vent

40
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the crop

A

Crop
Out-pouching of the esophagus; cranial to the thoracic inlet on the right side in chickens; some bird species do not have a crop; temporary
storage space so birds can eat and fly.

41
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the proventriculus

A

Proventriculus
Glandular part of stomach; secretes digestive enzymes

42
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the ventriculous

A

Ventriculus
Non-glandular, thick, muscular; breaks up larger food

43
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the small intestine

A

Small intestines
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Merkel’s diverticulum is a remnant of the fetal yolk stalk that divides the upper and lower ileum.

44
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the cecum

A

Cecum
Bilobed in the chicken; can be single lobed or absent in other birds
Between ileum and rectum

45
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the rectum/colon

A

Rectum/Colon
Used interchangeably; very short

46
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal
what is the cloaca

A

Terminal region of avian GI and reproductive tract
3 compartments: coprodeum – most cranial, end of GI; urodeum – middle, end of urinary and repro; proctodeum – terminal portion opens
to vent.

47
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

what is the vent?

A

Opening of the cloaca to the outside world

48
Q

Avian
Anatomy
gastrointestinal

what are the 3 parts of the cloaca

A

Cloaca

Dyce 4th ed. Fig. 37-31 B

 Coprodeum (10)
 Dilated distal portion of
the colon
 Urodeum (11)
 Entrance of ureters and
genital tract
 Proctodeum (12)
 Cloacal bursa

49
Q

Avian
Anatomy
urogenital
male

A

Paired kidneys, elongated, 3 lobes (cranial, intermediate, caudal)
No urinary bladder, urates are the main nitrogenous waste (instead of urea)
Males have paired testes inside of abdomen (no scrotum)

50
Q

Avian
Anatomy
urogenital
female

A

Paired kidneys, elongated, 3 lobes (cranial, intermediate, caudal)
No urinary bladder, urates are the main nitrogenous waste (instead of urea)
Females have only 1 ovary and oviduct; on the left side
Oviduct has 5 components: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus (shell gland) and vagina

51
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Immune System
Thymus

A

Thymus (T cell development) develops from outpouching of foregut

52
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Immune System
Bursa of Fabricius

A

(B cell development)
develops from the outpouching of hindgut

53
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Immune System

are there lymph nodes?

A

No palpable lymph nodes as in mammals

54
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Immune System

when do the thymus and Bursa of Fabricius regress?

A

Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius regress early in life

55
Q

Avian
Anatomy
Immune System
where is the spleen and what is the clinical relevance?

A

Spleen: at the junction of the proventriculus and ventriculus -clinical relevance for several
diseases

More week 11 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions