avian Flashcards
what is the difference between commercial layers and broiler chickens?
Broilers - meat
layers - eggs
what is the scientific name for water fowl
anseriformes
what is the scientific name for pigeons and doves?
columbiformes
what is the highest egg consuming country?
mexico
infectious bronchitis and laryngotracheitis usually infects what species of birds?
galliformes
influenza typically is inapparent in what species of birds
waterfowl
what are the 2 forms of newcastle and which is more severe?
paramyxovirus type 1 exotic Newcastle (more severe)
Respiratory, soft shelled or roughend/deformed eggs, secondary coliform respiratory infections, egg quality abnormalities are associated with which form of New castle disease?
paramyxovirus type 1
what are the lesions associated with Paramyxovirus type 1?
conjuntivitis, tracheitis, air saculitis, secndary coliform respiratory infections, egg quality abnormalities
Exotic new castle disease is a multy systemic disease, what systems does it tend to affect
respiratory, CNS
viscerotropic -> replicating in lymphoid tissue all over the body -> causes hemorrhage in sot tissues and lymphoid tissue of the body
How is surveillance carried out for newcastle disease and avian influenza?
oropharyngeal swab
3 ml brain heart infusion broth with 5 swab max
how can new castle be diagnosed?
rt PCR
virus isolating and pathotyping by inoculating susceptible SPF chicken
(dx method must be usda approved)
is newcastle disease zoonotic?
YES
what are the differences in control between Exotic newcastle dz and paramyxovirus type 1
Exotic newcastle- reportable, and eradication in the US
Paramyxovirus type 1- not reportable and handled with a vaccine
what type of birds are natural reservoirs for avian influenza?
waterfowl, mostly asymptomatic and excrete the virus in their feces
avian influenza is what type of virus
orthomyxovirus
what are the 2 different types of avian influenza?
low path
high path
requires trypsin to replicate stays in the gut/respiratory tract describes what type of virulence for avian influenza?
low path
why is high path virulence such a concern
replicates without trypsin and causes systemic dz
for what 2 H strains can virulence spontaneously change?
H5 and H7 ( reportable)
why is it risky to accept H5 and H7 avian influenza as endemic?
high potential for mutation to a highly pathogenic form
avian influenza clinical sighs vary greatly, what are some for low path?
respiratory signs, dehydration, depressed, hyperemia
what dz can low path avian influenza resemble?
newcastle
for low path ai, what are some lesions you could see in mature poultry?
yolk peritonitis, swollen kidneys, gout
a farmer brings 30 chickens that suddenly died, pefore death he noticed signs of depression and some had neurologic signs, do you suspect high or low path?
HIgh path AI
what are 2 clinical signs seen in high path AI that are not seen in low path AI?
+/- neuro signs, vasculitis
T/F some ai cases may require a Bio Safety Level 3?
True
what are 3 serologic tests that can be preformed to diagnose AI?
ELISA, HI, AGID
how is AI controlled?
High path-> quarantine and eradication
vectored vaccine in ovo at 18 1/2 days old (robot injection)
acute viral upper respiratory dz of chickens with the potential for renal and repro manifestations is consistent with what disease?
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis belongs to what family of viruses
corona virus
corona viruses have tropism for what type of cells?
epithelial cells (impairs mucocilliary clearance)
which protein in infectious bronchitis is most important in regards to immunity?
S1 protein
How is infectious bronchitis transmitted
horizontal transmission
what are the lesions associated with IB?
catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, swollen kidneys and uroliths
repro lesions
a chicken presents for lamness due to arthritis what should be a top differential?
Infectious Bronchitis (late stage)
what type of infections normally develop from IB?
secondary E. coli infections
what are IB differentials?
newcastle, influenza, other respiratory infections
how do you dx IB?
specimens, virus Isolation in SPF embryos, tracheal muccous with PCR
is there a vaccine for IB?
yes (modified live)
How is infectious laryngotracheitis characterized?
dyspnea and expectory of bloody exudate
acute viral dz of chickens, peafowl, pheasants
affects both commercial and backyard chickens
what type of virus is ILT
herpes
how is ILT spread?
horizontal transmission`(respiratory exudate and fomites)
is ILT a very resistant disease?
no, envelope = easy to kill
a chicken presents with head extension, coughing and dyspnea, what is a primary rule out?
infectious laryngeal trachyitis
what type of cells would be diagnostic for ILT?
syncytial cells diagnostic for herpes virus
how is ILT diagnosed?
histopath and sequencing
what are the different methods of control for backyard flocks vs commercial flocks
backyard: tissue culture origin, eye drop application
commercial: chicken embryo origin, spray/water mass vaccinate, can not mix vaccinates with non vaccinates or infection will spread
what is the respiratory vaccination protocol for all free range backyard flocks?
2-4 weeks old:
attenuated newcastle and IB via eye drop, attenuated box in the wing web
adequate for meat type birds (life span 8-10 weeks)
chlamydiosis tends to infect what galliforme mainly?
turkeys (infects lots of other species too, can be zoonotic under certain conditions)
In backyard galliforms, what dz would you typically see that isn’t seen in waterfowl or pet birds.
infectious coryza
what are 3 intracellular bacteria mentioned?
chlamydiophyla
brucella
Mycoplasma (TB)
what are some clinical signs associated with chlamydiophyla psittaci?
air saculitis, pericarditis
a turkey presents for necropsy with an enlarged liver and spleen along with fibrinous exudate in the air sacs what is your primary rule out?
chlamydiosis
what is a diagnostic lesion on histo path for chlamydiosis?
kupffer cells with red granules
what are some diagnostics that can be performed for chlamydiosis?
cloacal swabs (swab air sacs, liver and spleen also possible)
PCR
Histo path
what is the treatment of choice for chamydiosis?
tetracyclines (doxycycline)
what are the pathogenic species of mycoplasmosis?
M. gallisepticum
M. synoviae
M. meleagridis
Is Mycoplama gallisepticum commonly found in backyard flocks or commercial flocks?
backyard flocks
how is mycoplasma gallisepticum tranmitted
horizontally and vertically
what are the different lesions between M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae?
M. gallisepticum: upper respiratory mucosa, air sacculitis, meningitis, turkeys=>wryneck (extension of air sacs to cervical vertebrae)
M. synoviae: synovitis and respiratory disease
synovitis: hocks, wings and foot pads.
what is the national plan for testing different types of poultry called?
National poultry improvement plan
what is a definitive way to diagnose mycoplasma?
PCR and sequencing
a farmer just bought chickens at a flea market and a majority of them are suffering from upper respiratroy signs and they have swollen warped joints. what is your primary rule out?
mycoplasma
T/F secondary infection is common with mycoplasma infections
true
is e. coli a primary problem?
no (normally seen in conjunction with another infection)
what are the sources for colibascillosis infection?
poultry house dust and fecal contamination
what is the most common final pathogen in many species of poultry
e. coli
what type of control measures can be taken for e. coli?
closed water systems (nipple drinkers)
how is infectious coryza transmitted?
horizontal (bird to bird via respiratory discharge)
what are birds often coinfected with if they have infectious coryza?
mycoplasma
what is the scientific name of infectious coryza?
avibacterium paragallinarum
is infectious coryza more common in backyard or commercial?
backyard (also free range)
what are differentials for infectious coryza?
newcastle, mycoplasma, IB, pox virus
how is infectious coryza diagnosed?
culture and or PCR
how can infectious coryza be treated?
erythromycin, oxytetracycline
is a vaccine present for infectious coryza?
yes for high risk
what is the scientific name for fowl colera
pasturella multocida
what species are affected by fowl cholera
turkeys of all ages
mature chickens
ducks and geese
quail
where is fowl cholera often found in the body
oral cavity
what are signs often seen in avian cholera in turkeys ?
acute fatal fibrinous pneumonia and septicemia
in addition to the oral cavity and lungs where else can avian cholera affect broiler breeds
joints
how does fowl cholera affect shell quality
causes specific gravity to shift to left
what is the most important thing in terms of control of fowl cholera
control rodent population
which of the following is a commercial poultry risk?
a. infectious coryza
b. mycoplasma
c. blackhead
d. pasturellosis
pasturellosis
what are the commercial poultry disease risks?
pasturellosis viral enteritis laryngeo tracheitis infectious bronchitis tenosynovitis
what is the most common fungal dz of avian species?
aspergillosis
how does aspergilllosis affect eggs?
low egg specific gravity, full term eggs wont hatch
what systems can aspergilosis effect?
eye: karatitis
brain: encephalitis
what are the best shavings to use for litter in an aviary
pine wood shavings
hard woods are the worst
is aspergillosis zoonotic?
yes
what treatments are available for aspergillosis?
none really, cull infected birds, no vaccine
-easier to prevent
what are the species of air sac mites that commonly infect birds especially finches
cytodites and sternasoma
hypovitaminosis a in all species of birds primarily affects what systems?
respiratory, kidney, digestive glands (can also be present in eye)
in pet birds a foregin body pneumonia can be due to what?
hypovitaminosis a
what can hypovitaminosis A mimic?
aspergillosis and other respiratory dz
what is the typical lesion seen on the skin for hypovitaminosos?
onion skin (no pustules)
