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Physio 2 > Avian > Flashcards

Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What is unique to birds and seperates the RA and RV of the heart?

A

Right muscular AV valve - allows complete emptying of blood from right ventricle

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2
Q

Bird arteries have a low vascular resistance, how do they compensate?

A

By having a higher BP + stiffer arteries

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3
Q

What is the function of nucleated RBC in birds?

A
  1. Helps w toxin metabolism
  2. Detox functions
  3. Responds/adapts to hypoxia in high altitudes
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4
Q

How is the avian spleen different from mammals?

A

Not capable of storing RBCs

RBC production and Hb synthesis are regulated independently

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5
Q

What acts as a baffle to block entry of large particles?

A

Operculum on the nares of the bird

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6
Q

What is the clinical relevance of choanal papilla?

A

Can be lost with infection or vitamin A deficiency

Ex: shitty diet (all seed diet)

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7
Q

Birds have an increase in tracheal dead space. How do they compensate?

A

By increasing tidal vol. and decreasing freq. of respiration

** they take slow but deep breaths of air

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8
Q

What is the clinical relevance of a birds trachea?

A

Complete ring of cartilage

dont inflate Endotracheal Tube, if you do it could rupture the trachea

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9
Q

What is the vocal apparatus in birds?

A

Syrinx

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of parabronchi in birds?

A

Paleopulmonic + Neopulmonic

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of paleopulmonic parabronchi?

A
  1. Man gas exchanging bronchi
  2. 1 way air flow - caudal to cranial
  3. Long, and lie parallel to eachother
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of neopulmonic parabronchi?

A
  1. Short and anastomose profusely
  2. Bidirectional air flow
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13
Q

Where is gas exchange most effective in birds?

A

Atria

** expansions in the walls of the parabronchi containing air capillaries

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14
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the lungs in birds when restraining?

A

Dont place in lateral or dorsal recumbancy!!! this will decrease the lung volume

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15
Q

Name the air sacs in the cranial group and caudal group

A

Cranial:
(2) Cervical
(1 UNPAIRED) Clavicular
(2) Anterior thoracic

Caudal:
(2) Caudal thoracic
(2) Abdominal

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16
Q

How does the blood gas barrier play a role in gas exchange?

A

Thin Blood gas barrier + more air capillaries in a given space allows for greater gas exchange

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17
Q

Explain what happens during the first inhalation

A

Air flows into trachea to the caudal air sacs and expands them

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18
Q

Explain what happens during the first exhalation

A

Caudal air sacs deflate and move air into the paleopulmonic lungs

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19
Q

Explain what happens during the second inhalation

A

Air from paleopulmonic lungs move into the cranial air sacs allowing them to inflate

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20
Q

Explain what happens during the second exhalation

A

The cranial air sacs deflate and push air into the trachea and out of the body

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21
Q

What should you do if you do not see a bubble when you admin fluid to a bird?

A

STOP AND REDIRECT NEEDLE

no bubble = fluid is going into air sac and can drown the patient

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22
Q

True or false: air sacs participate in gas exchange

A

FALSE

Parabronchi participate in gas exchange

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23
Q

What is the landmark for finding the lobes of the kidney in birds?

A

Cranial lobe - cranial to external iliac a.

Middle lobe - between external iliac a. + ischiatic a.

Caudal lobe- caudal to the ischiatic a.

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24
Q

Most birds have what type of nephron?

A

Reptilian type

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25
Q

Explain the reptilian type nephron in birds

A

NO LOOP OF HENLE

** cant concentrate urine - urine will by hypotonic/isotonic/dilute

  • LOW S.G

reptilian nephrons are smaller and more numerous

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26
Q

What makes up the ring of vasculature / renal portal system?

A

Cr + Cd renal portal veins

L + R external iliac veins

L + R common iliac veins

27
Q

When is the valve in the common iliac v open?

A

During SNS via Epi + NE- diverts blood directly to the vena cava and skips the kidney

allows increased blood flow to the heart during flight

28
Q

When is the valve in the common iliac v closed?

A

During PNS - resting and digesting via Ach

Allows blood to entire the kidney

29
Q

Why do you not want to give injections in the common iliac v?

A
  1. If the valve is closed under PNS the drug can go to the kidney and cause acute nephron toxicity
  2. If valve is open under SNS it can go right to the heart without a chance of being effective to the body
30
Q

Why are bird ureters so important?

A
  • Secretes mucus which helps excrete urates into the urodeum
31
Q

Uric acid is the main __________ waste product

A

Nitrogen

32
Q

How are urates filtered by the kidney?

A

Small enough to be freely filtered by glomerulus

Some urates are secreted into the PCT

33
Q

What do you have to worry about in a dehydrated bird?

A

Potential for urates to form crystals in PCT or ureter

Dehydration = decreased GFR + BP

  • decreased blood flow to kidneys

causes urates in colloid to come out of suspension and form crystals

34
Q

Where is avian urine and urates stored?

A

Urodeum

35
Q

Birds can move waste from the urodeum by retroperistalsis into the LI or colon to help reabsorb what?

A
  1. Water reabsorption
  2. Electrolyte homeostasis
  3. Nitrogen recycling
  4. Energy source creation - albumen degraded into AA + peptides that bacteria use to make SCFA for energy
36
Q

What is an indeterminate breeder?

A

If you add or remove an egg the bird will lay an extra egg or curtail laying (stop laying eggs)

37
Q

What is a determinate breeder?

A

number of eggs in clutch determined at onset of laying and is unchanged by removal or adding an egg

38
Q

Most birds have a functioning _____ ovary and oviduct

A

LEFT

39
Q

In birds, what happens after ovulation fails?

A

No functional corpus luteum

40
Q

How can cystic follicles form?

A

If persistent cells secrete hormones during regression

41
Q

What makes up the oviduct?

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Magnum
  3. Isthmus
  4. Uterus
  5. Vagina
42
Q

Explain the characteristics of the infundibulum

A
  1. Site of fertilization
  2. Surrounded by left abdominal air sac which helps capture the egg
  3. 15 min window for sperm penetration before CHALIZIFEROUS layer (Thin but dense layer of albumen) is laid down
43
Q

What can cause egg yolk peritonitis / egg related coelomitis?

A

If left abdominal air sac is damaged, infundibulum cant catch the egg and it starts developing in ABD cavity

44
Q

Where is the majority of the albumen added?

A

In the MAGNUM

45
Q

Where is the site of fertilization in birds?

A

Infundibulum

46
Q

What forms the 2 shell membranes - inner and outer shells?

A

Isthmus

47
Q

What is the function of the cranial portion of the shell gland/uterus?

A

Plumping the egg!!

Adding electrolytes and water to albumen

48
Q

What is the function of the distal portion of the shell gland/uterus?

A

Creates the shell by extracting Calcium from the blood to use for the shell

Egg remains here for 20 hrs

49
Q

Where is the site for sperm storage?

A

Fossulae spermaticae

50
Q

What is the physical process of laying eggs in birds?

A

Oviposition

51
Q

If the ovum is fertilized it is termed the __________ and will become the _________

A

Blastoderm, Embryo

52
Q

What makes up the yolk?

A

Lipoproteins and phosphoproteins

main source of nutrition for developing embryo

53
Q

What is the function of yolk membranes?

A

Forms a barrier between yolk and albumen

allows movement of electrolytes

54
Q

What is chalaza?

A

Twisted strands of ovomucin fibers

Helps hold yolk steady in the center of the egg

55
Q

What is the function of albumen in the development of the egg?

A
  1. Suspends embryo in aqueous enviro
  2. Nutritional protein source
  3. Antibacterial properties
56
Q

What is produced as the egg cools after being laid?

A

Air cell

57
Q

What makes eggs red-brown vs blue-green?

A

Red-brown : PORPHYRINS

Blue- green: BILIVERDINS

58
Q

What are the 2 main sources of calcium?

A

Diet and medullary bones

59
Q

Medullary bone contribution to Calcium is higher when?

A

During night time when bird is not eating or when bird is eating a low Calcium diet

60
Q

Calcitonin is produced by _____________ in birds

A

Ultimobranchial glands

61
Q

What is essential for translocation of calcium across the oviductal wall?

A

Calcitriol

62
Q

How does estrogen play a role in calcium metabolism?

A

Increased estrogen causes osteoblasts to make medullary bone which makes Ca+

Without Estrogen osteoblasts will make lamellar cortical bone

63
Q

If a bird is egg bound, why would you want to give a drug that reduces estrogen?

A

To reduce repro activity + allow less Calcium to be transported to the uterus

Physio 2 (1 decks)

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