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Zoology Aves and Mammals > Aves > Flashcards

Aves Flashcards

1
Q

what did birds evolve from

A

small running, therapod dinosaur
very similar skeletons

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2
Q

what was the first bird

A

archaeopterynx

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3
Q

explain archaeopteryx

A

150 million years old
reptilian skeleton but with true feathers
bones closely resemble pheasants

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4
Q

explain hoatzin

A

primitive living bird
retains claws and wings as chick

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5
Q

explain anchiornis

A

earliest known feathered reptile (dino)
160 million years old

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6
Q

what one characteristic is unique to birds and separates them from all other chordates

A

feathers

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7
Q

what did feathers evolve from

A

reptilian scales

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8
Q

what makes possible adaption do birds have

A

flight by feathers

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9
Q

explain structure of a feather

A

barbs arise from the main feather shaft; each barb has its own shaft from which the barbules arise

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10
Q

what is remiges

A

flight feathers
primaries provide forward propulsion to move the bird through the air
secondaries provide lift to keep the bird in the air

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11
Q

how are the primaries able to provide forward propulsion

A

asymmetrical vanes: the leading vane is relatively narrower than the trailing vane, so that the primary twists as it is pulled downward, acting like a propeller

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12
Q

what is Bernoulli effect

A

secondaries provide lift using curved wing

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13
Q

explain high speed wings

A

swallow

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14
Q

explain soaring wing

A

seagull

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15
Q

explain high lift wings

A

hawk

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16
Q

explain elliptical wings

A

flycatcher

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17
Q

what type of wings do hummingbird and barn swallow have

A

high speed wings
longer than wide
no wing slots

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18
Q

what types of wings do house sparrow, woodpecker, and doves have

A

broad rounded wings
wing slot
good maneuverability
low speed flight

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19
Q

what type of wings do royal albatross have

A

soaring and gliding wings
much longer than wide
good over water

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20
Q

what type of wings to vulture, hawk and bald eagle have

A

long slotted wings
terrestrial soaring birds
can carry heavy thigns

21
Q

what is the fastest living animal

A

Peregrine Falcone
top diving speed of 273 mph

22
Q

what feathers are responsible for braking, maneuverability and also provide some lift

A

rectrices (tail feathers)

23
Q

what are down feathers

A

barbules that do not interlock
evolved for the purpose of insulation

24
Q

explain bird pectorials

A

attaches on the ventral humerus
responsible for the downstroke of a birds wing

25
Q

explain bird supracoracoideus

A

attaches on the dorsal humerus responsibly for the upstroke of a birds wing

26
Q

ventral

A

belly

27
Q

dorsal

A

back

28
Q

posterior

A

booty butt

29
Q

anterior

A

head

30
Q

where is pictorials and supracoracoideus on birds

A
31
Q

how does a bird perch

A

toes automatically tighten around a perch when they land on it, enabling them to perch with a min of muscular effort
resist freezing

32
Q

explain respiratory system of bird

A

one way flow of air through lungs increases respiratory efficiency

33
Q

explain air flow in one direction

A
34
Q

what do air sacs do

A

reduce weight, which increases power/weight ratio

35
Q

what flight adaption do bones have

A

extension of the air sacs penetrate hollow bones reinforced by struts

36
Q

what other avian adaptions further increase the power/weight ratio of birds

A

birds have a large heart

37
Q

explain repro system of female birds

A

sexual organs atrophy during the non-breeding season and only the left ovary develops during the breeding season

38
Q

warm blooded

A

homeothermic

39
Q

cold blooded

A

poikilothermic

40
Q

what allows birds to have a much greater metabolic rate

A

being homeothermic

41
Q

explain bird brain

A

cerebral cortex of bird is not associated with higher behavioral processes as it is in mammal
higher behavioral processes are centered in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR)
cerebellum relatively large in birds

42
Q

what are some things compared to reptiles that birds have

A

olfactory lobe reduced
optic lobe is large
cerebellum greatly enlarged

43
Q

explain bird vision

A

extremely good visual acuity, due to much greater density of cone cells in fovea of retina (1.5 mil cone in avian fovea, 200k for human fovea)
fovea is region of keenest vision
nocturnal birds with many rod cells
visual acutiy of a hawk is 8 times that of a human, enabling it to see a rabbit more than 2 miles away

44
Q

explain bird repro

A

oviparous (eggs that hatch after they have been laid)

45
Q

what are altricial young

A

born blind, naked and helpless

46
Q

what is precocial young

A

born fully feathered and mobile

47
Q

explain bird migration

A

regular seasonal movement undertaken by many species of birds

48
Q

cat fact about birds

A

1.8-4 billion birds are killed each year by cats

49
Q

how many north American birds have vanished since the 70s

A

3 billion

Zoology Aves and Mammals (2 decks)

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