Av Flashcards
Avionics consits of
Navigation, Communications, Sensors, Mission system, Displays and controls
- Synthetic vision
Is 3d imaging
- Flight control devices
Magnetic compass, altimeter, air speed indicator, directional gyroscope, vertical speed indicator, turning and sliding gyroscope, gyrocompass, position indicator
Avionics 4 functions
Control measures,
Means of operation,
Navigational aids,
Various other devices
- EFIS
( Electronic flight instrument system)
- Situational information
Provide general information
- Team information
To correct errors made, such as flight director
- Status information
Additional information such as oxygen, amount of fuel
- Devices can also be characterized as
o Quantitative data- accurate determined data
o Quality data- directional indicator
o Displaying test data- to check if the given data is within limits
o Settings devices- engine powers or to get the system in sync
o Tracking device- To maintain flight level or speed control
- Main devices for flying an aircraft is
o Attitude indicator (AI) o Direction indicator (DI) o Barometric altitude, Altimeter(ALT) o Airspeed indicator (ASI) o Vertical speed indicator (VSI) o Turn indicator (TI) o (RPM) (Tachometer)
(EICAS)
- Engine indicating and crew alerting system
- Screens available in front of the pilot
o Two primary flight displays (PFD)
o Two navigation displays (ND)
o Engine/Warning displays (EWD)
o System parameter displays (SD)
(FDS)
- Flight director system
What does fds contain
o Contains EADI and EHSI
(EFIS)
- Electronic flight instrument system
- PFD has
airspeed, height meter, vertical speed meter, landing system
- ND displays
flight route, compass, or radar weather data
- Pedestal is equipped with
o Multipurpose control display unit (MCDU) o Radio management panel o Audio control panel o Thrust o Flaps o Spoilers o Engine start o Pitch trim wheel
- Avionics bay is usually located at
the front of the aircraft and contains all computers that receive information from various sensors.
(FCS)
2) Flight control system
- Three control system architectures
o Central
o Distributed
o Federated
(AFCS)
- Automatic flight control system
(SAS)
o Stabilization augmentation system
- To increase FCS viability
it is necessary to distribute the fcs and communication channels within the aircraft
- In aviation, communication between the modules and the periphery is usually via the
ARINC bus
(ADC)
- Analogue to digital
ACE
(Actuator Control Electronic)
(LRUs)
- Line Replaceable Units
operations modes
o Init mode o Normal mode o Alternative mode o Direct mode o Failsafe mode o calibration mode
FMS
- Flight management systems
FMS PROVIDES?
o Provides a digital platform for flight and navigation planning;
o Serves on Flight Control;
o Monitors flight modes while providing stability;
o Calculates optimal flight profiles to minimize flight costs;
o Provides automatic control of engine thrust
NDB
- Navigation Data Base
- NDB can be searched in the
MCDU
- MCDU is used for
for flight planning and etc
EFIS
- Electronic flight instrument system
- Electronic flight instrument system
o Character generator(SG) o Control panel(VP) o Brightness control(RVE) o Primary flight viewer (PFD) o Navigation viewer (ND)
DFBW
- Digital fly by wire
- Digital fly by wire
o FCS;
o Autopilot;
o SID (Standard instrument departure);
o STAR (Standard arrival);
o FEPS (Flight Envelope Protection System);
o TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system);
o GPWS (ground proximity warning system).
3) Automatic flight control used for
o Better short-term aircrafts fluctuations
o Stabilize angles of tilt
o Stabilize barometric and geometric flight altitudes
o Set the aircraft on a horizontal flight
o Divert aircraft from dangerous paths
- Problems with Autopilot
o Issues with inputs and common errors
o Quorum method is using 4 computers parallel
o Some modes can not be tested on ground due to its complexity
- Flight safety
flight envelope protection system
- Advantages of the DFBW system
o It has completely replaced cables, springs, pistons, and sensors made it way lighter
o It gave designers better flexibility in design, size, and layout of components
o System is smaller and more reliable
o Could be electrically transmitted without distortion
o Temperature changes have little effect on electrical alarms
o Easily installed and repaired
o Sufficient and safer
o Very accurate and smooth response on demands
o Gave new features that was not possible with pure mechanics
o Easy to modify architecture as of the relevant software (SW)
- Disadvantages of dfbw
o Initial cost and complexity of such systems
o Make smaller aircrafts cost more
o Increased sensitivity to high intensity electromagnetic field
5) Air data measuring instruments
- Air data devices or aerometric devices are aviation devise preforming measurements
- Are done by calculating the static pressure and the air resistance using pitot tube
- Airdata Contains four elements
o Primary information sensor
o Measuring element
o Connector which strengthens and transmit these signals
o The display element
- Sylphons
widely distributed membrane looking to get large deformation in pressure changes
- Tubular springs
thin-walled curved tubes, under pressure it changes shape
- Pilot-static system
Its purpose to constant supply the full air pressure and static resistance
- Air data computer-
o Altitude module;
o Device’s air speed (IAS) module;
o Altitude change module;
o Mach number module;
- Five different types of altitude measurements
o True Altitude- Above Sea level
o Indicated Altitude – The altitude shown on the altimeter
o Pressure Altitude- On the standard datum plane used above 34000
o Absolute Altitude- The altitude above a terrain
o Density Altitude- the imaginary box we set and see the density in
- Altimeter error
o Mechanical error placed wrong o Inherent error could be position error or scale error o Hysteresis o Reversal errors o Pressure error
- Altimeter influencing factors
o Mountain effect
o Downdraft and turbulence
o Pressure drop
6) Speed indicator
- Indicated Air Speed Vi
- Calibrated airspeed Vc
- The true airspeed V
- Ground speed
- Modern air speed indicators
- Compass errors
o Acceleration error
o Turning errors
o temperature variation
- Radar system components
o Electromagnetic wave pulse emission and reception method;
o The method of controlling and scanning such a pulse in both the horizontal and vertical planes;
o The method of mapping the result to the pilot;
o Radar operation control method.
VOR
(Very High Frequency Omni Directional Radio Range)
- Two versions VOR radio beacons
o Operating distance of about 370 km at the flight altitude of 8-10 km. They are intended to ensure the flights of air routes
o Operating range of about 40 km. They are designed for airports.
DME
(Distance Measuring Equipment)
8) ILS
Instrument landing system
- MLS
Microwave landing system
- ILS category
o Category I system, which allows for landings at not less than 60 m height above the runway
o ILS Category II allows the landing when the decision height is 30 m and the distance to the beginning of the runway is 350 m.
o ILS Category III, the aircraft lands in automatic mode. In this mode, there is no decision-making altitude, and distance to the beginning of the runway has to be less than 250 m by category IIIa or 50-250 m for the category IIIc
- Differences MLS, ILS
- Unlike ILS, which required a variety of frequencies to broadcast the various signals, MLS used a single frequency, broadcasting the azimuth and altitude information one after the other.
Influence of satellite altitude
o Ionosphere o Satellite elevation height o Influence of water vapor o Satellite and receiver clock errors o Multi-path propagation
- GLONASS
. It is a Russian satellite navigation system. Is sold by Russia and has a higher accuracy then normal GPS
- COMPASS (Bei Dou)
It is a Chinese navigation system consisting of two different groups of satellites
10) Types of antennas
o Dipolar
o Markoni
o Loop
11) Types of radio communication
o Simplex
o Duplex
