Autumn PM3A/B Synoptic Mock Extras Flashcards
Adrenal Gland
Small glands on top of the kidneys
Produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune system, BP etc
Produces: Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens, Oestrogen
Cotecholamines
Class of monoamines considered as both neurotransmitter and hormone. Causes general physiological changes to prepare the body for physical activity in the fight or flight response
e.g. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Adrenal Cortex
Outer (largest) region of the adrenal gland but still encased in the capsule.
Produces sex hormones (androgens, oestrogens), aldosterone, cortisol
Adrenal Medulla
Inner part of the adrenal gland.
Produces catecholamines
Zona Glomerulosa
Outermost layer of the cortex
Produces aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata
Middle (widest) layer of the cortex. Produces Glucocorticoids (mostly cortisol)
Zona Reticularis
The innermost layer of the cortex
Produces androgen precursors e.g. DHEA and androstenedione from cholesterol
Side effects of excess steroid medications
osteoperosis, muscle wasting etc.
Addison’s Disease
AKA adrenal insufficiency
Uncommon disorder when the adrenal gland doesn’t produce enough steroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
Cushing Syndrome
Collection of signs and symptoms caused by the prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
Laron Syndrome
Rare form of short stature caused by the inability of the pituitary to produce growth hormone
Nelson’s Syndrome
A disorder causing abnormal enlargement of the pituitary gland, resulting in abnormal secretion of beta-MSH and ACTH
15-25% of cases due to removal of both adrenal glands when treating cushing’s disease or hypopituitarism
Grave’s Disease
AKA toxic diffuse goiter
Autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid
Causes hyperthyroidism, enlarged thyroid.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
AKA chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Autoimmune disease where the thyroid is gruadually destroyed
May form a painless goiter over time
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive production of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
Condition where the thyroid gland doesnt produce enough thyroid hormones
Steroidal Structure
Characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in 4 “fused” rings
Androstane
The family of steroids from which the andrognes are derived
A C19 steroidal hydrocarbon with a gonane core
Cholestane
Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C18 and C19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C17
Estrane
C18 steroid derivative with a gonane core
Goiter
Swelling in the neck caused by enlarged thyroid
Testosterane
doesn’t exist
