Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology_test 2 > Autonomic System part 1 > Flashcards

Autonomic System part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the autonomic system part of the CNS or PNS?

A

peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system affect?

A

heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, urination and sexual arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is the autonomic system located in our brain?

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What physiological stress in the OR can lead to the activation of the autonomic nervous system?

A

surgical incision is one example but also think of other pains such as the use of a tourniquet or closing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 other systems are “tightly coupled” by the autonomic system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the sympathetic system regulated by?

A

the adrenergic system neurotransmitters:

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What neurotransmitter regulates the parasympathetic system?

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T or F. Sympathetic system is known as the “fight or flight system” and parasympathetic system is known as “rest and digest”

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F. as the sympathetic system revs up, the parasympathetic system revs down.

A

FALSE. the parasympathetic system will rev up to try to control the stresses of the body from the sympathetic system. It is dangerous to the body if these stresses from either system are prolonged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens if the sympathetic system was destroyed?

A

We would become very down regulated. “hypo-“, low levels of metabolism, low organ function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does an adaptive response trigger?

A

the sympathetic nervous system. It prepares the cells to deal with any kind of stress (mental or physical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Generally, what causes a maladaptive state in someone?

A

when there is an overstimulation of the sympathetic system in someone or decrease in the parasympathetic response.
this is called Chronic sympathetic overstimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the cardiac system with sympathetic overstimulation?

A 
Diastolic Dysfunction
Tachycardia
Tachyarrhythmia's 
Ischemia
Myocardial stunning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the pulmonary system with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

pulmonary edema

pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would we see in a hematologic state with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

Hypercoagulation
Anemia
Bone Marrow Suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the Endocrine system with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

Decreased Thyroid Function
decreased growth hormone
glucose intolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to our gastrointestinal system with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

Hypo-perfusion
Ulceration
Decreased Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to the immune system with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

immune suppression

stimulation of bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens metabolically with sympathetic overstimulation?

A 
increased cellular metabolism 
hyperglycemia
catabolism
lipolysis
electrolyte fluxes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to our muscles with sympathetic overstimulation?

A

cellular death

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the nerve distribution for the PNS?

A

Craniosacral

Presynaptic - longer
Post synaptic - shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the nerve distribution in the PNS?

A

craniosacral

longer preganglion and shorter postganlionic nerves

23
Q

What is the nerve distribution in the SNS?

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2) at intermediolateral nuclei

Shorter preganglionic nerves, longer postganlionic

**in addition, synapses with adrenal gland

24
Q

True or False. ACh acts on the ganglia of both PNS and SNS.

A

TRUE. At the ganglia, both systems respond to ACh. They differ in NT at the terminal end of the postganglionic neuron (PNS - ACh and SNS - NE).

25
Q

What are the steps to making epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine->DOPA->Dopamine->NE->Epinephrine

**DOPA is the rate limiting step

26
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors located?

A

post-synaptic (SNS)

27
Q

What does activation of the alpha 1 receptor effect and what are the effects?

A

Smooth muscle

Eye - dilate
Lungs - constrict
Blood vessel - vasoconstrict
Uterus - contraction
Genitourinary system - constrict sphincters
Gut - constrict sphincters
Endocrine - inhibit insulin release
28
Q

Where are the alpha 2 receptors located?

A

Pre-synaptic, some post-synaptic (SNS)

29
Q

What does activation of the presynaptic alpha 2 receptors cause?

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase, inhibits exocytosis of NTs, **FEEDBACK CONTROL (decreases sympathetic outflow)

30
Q

What does activation of the postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors effect and what are the effects?

A

Smooth muscle constriction (similar to alpha 1)

CNS - sedation, reduced central output, vasodilation

31
Q

What receptor does clonidine act on?

A

Alpha 2

32
Q

What is the use of taking Clonidine?

A

Antihypertensive, negative chronotrope (slows down heart and inhibits norepi)

Also, causes sedation (why many patients dislike it)

33
Q

What receptor does Dexmedetomidine act on?

A

alpha 2, specifically in CNS

34
Q

What are the properties of Dexmedetomidine?

A

Sedation, analgesic, sympatholytic, non-respiratory depressant

35
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

A

Post synaptic (SNS), primarily in heart

36
Q

What does stimulation of beta 1 receptors cause?

A

Increases adenylate cyclase, chronotropic - increase HR, dromotropic- increase heart conduction, inotropic - increase force of contraction

37
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors located?

A

post synaptic (SNS), on smooth muscles and glands

38
Q

What does stimulation of beta 2 receptors cause?

A

incr adenylate cyclase, relaxes smooth muscle, leads to gluconeogenesis, insulin release, bronchodilation, stimulates Na/K pump to drive K intracellular

39
Q

Phenylephrine is an adrenergic agonist that works on which receptor?

A

alpha 1 (causes vasoconstriction)

40
Q

Methyldopa and Clonidine are adrenergic agonists that work on which receptor?

A

alpha 2 (decr CNS NT -> sedation)

41
Q

Epinephrine is an endogenous catecholamine that works on which adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

42
Q

Ephedrine is an adrenergic agonist that works on which receptors?

A

alpha and beta (vasoconstriction and tachycardia)

43
Q

What does fanoldopam do?

A

increases vasoconstriction

44
Q

Where does dopamine act?

A

dopaminergic receptors and to lesser degree alpha and beta

45
Q

Dobutamine is an adrenergic agonist that acts on which receptor?

A

beta 1 primarily (incr force of contraction, HR, and conduction)

46
Q

Terbutalline and Albuterol are adrenergic agonists that work on which receptors?

A

beta 2

47
Q

How does an indirect agonist act?

A

Increases release of endogenous NT by:

  1. increase release
  2. decrease uptake
  3. inhibit metabolism
48
Q

What are the 3 ways to get rid of epinephrine?

A
  1. reuptake
  2. break down in synapse to tyrosine
  3. destroy with enzymes MAO and COMT
49
Q

What is the risk of MAOI for patients taking this prior to surgery?

A

Huge swings in SNS

50
Q

What does antagonism of alpha 1 receptors cause in blood vessels?

A

vasodilation (treats hypertension)

51
Q

What does antagonism of alpha 2 receptors cause in blood vessels?

A

vasodilation (treats hypertension)

52
Q

What does antagonism of beta 1 receptors cause?

A

slows HR (treats HTN, angina, arrhythmia)

53
Q

What does antagonism of beta 2 receptors cause?

A

unknown (bronchospasm?)

Physiology_test 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions