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Physiology > Autonomic System 1 > Flashcards

Autonomic System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous

Parasympathetic nervous

Enteric nervous system

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2
Q

Explain the patterns of ganglion in the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic nervous- preganglionic neuron delivers ACh to ganglion and post ganglion ic neuron delivers ACh to various organ

Sympathetic- preganglionic neuron delivers ACh to ganglion and post ganglion ic neuron delivers ACh to various organ

Sympathetic- preganglionic neuron delivers ACh to ganglion and post ganglionic neuron delivers norepinephrine to various organs

Sympathetic- preganglionic neuron delivers ACh to ganglion and adrenal medulla sends epinephrine to various organs

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3
Q

What are the functions of autonomic nervous system function on smooth muscle ?

A

Blood vessels—> blood pressure, body temperature

Gastrointestinal tract—> digestion

Bladder—> mictruition

Bronchial tree—> bronchial construction/dilation

Eye(upper eyelid, iris, ciliary body) —> pupillary dilation /constriction

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4
Q

How is the heart affected by the autonomic system?

A

Heart rate, heart contractility

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5
Q

What are the glands affected by the autonomic nervous system ?

A

Endocrine glands

Pancreas and adrenal glands—> metabolism

Exocrine glands

  • lacrimal glands—> lacrimation (tearing)
  • sweat glands —> sweating
  • salivary glands —> salivation
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6
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

“Fight or flight”

Stressful situations

  • increase in blood flow in the skeletal muscles
  • increase in heart rate
  • increase in blood pressure
  • increase in blood sugar level
  • pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
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7
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

“Rest and digest”

Conservation and restoration of body energy

Decrease in heart rate

Increase in activity of gastrointestinal tract

Papillary construction (myosis)

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8
Q

Describe sympathetic division anatomy

A

Origin in the thoracolumbar segments (T1-L2)

Short preganglionic neurons

Long postganglionic neurons

Sympathetic ganglia located near the central nervous system

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9
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division anatomy

A

Origin in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord (S2-S4)

Long preganglioninc neurons

Short preganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic ganglia located near the target organs

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10
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A

Parasympathetic fibers
Innervation of the thoracic and abdominal vscer

Vagomoty: a surgical operation in which one or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut, typically to reduce the rate of gastric secretion (e.g. in treating peptic ulcers)

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11
Q

Contrast the origins of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic origin: T1-L2 spinal cord segments (lateral horn)

Parasympathetic origin: brain stem (autonomic motor nuclei of III, VII, IX, and X cranial nerves), and sacral spinal cord segments S2-S4

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12
Q

Contrast the Ganglia location of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic-

  • Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain
  • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)

Parasympathetic-
-ganglion located near or embedded within the target tissue

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13
Q

Contrast cholinergic preganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Sympathetic- short cholinergic preganglionic fiber

Parasympathetic- long cholinergic preganglionic fiver

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14
Q

Contrast adrenergic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Long adrenergic postganglionic fibers

Short cholinergenic postganglionic fiber

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15
Q

Contrast the ratio of preganglionic fibers to post ganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Sympathetic: Ratio of preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers is 1:20

Parasympathetic: ratio of preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers is 1:3

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16
Q

Briefly contrast the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

Sympathetic -activity often involves massive discharge of the entire system

Parasympathetic- activity normally to discrete organs

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17
Q

Contrast the primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic- primary neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neurons is norepinephrine

Parasympathetic- primary neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neurons is acetylcholine

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?

A

Disynaptic pathway

Preganglionic neuron is myelinated (faster transmission)

Origin of preganglionic neuron is in the central nervous system

Origin of the postganglionic neuron is the autonomic ganglia, in the peripheral NS

Preganglionic neuron releases Acetylcholine as neurotransmitter, which binds to cholinergic nicotinic receptors (nicotinic neuronal subtype Nn)

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19
Q

What are the exceptions to the rule?

A

Adrenal medulla: directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Sweat glands:
Innervated by cholinergic sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Receptors on the sweat glands are cholinergic muscarinic: M3

Renal Vasculature smooth muscle:

Innervated by dopaminergic sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Receptors on the renal vasculature are dopaminergic: D1

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20
Q

What is the function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic axons synapse on chromaffin cells: Ach binds to Nn receptors

Chromaffin cells releases catecholamines into the CIRCULATION: 80% epinephrine(E), 20% Norepinephrine (NE)

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21
Q

Explain cholinergic transmission in the presynaptic nerve

A
  1. Acetyl CoA is synthesized in the mitochondria
  2. Choline transported into the neuronal terminal by a sodium-dependent carrier (CHT1)
  3. ACh is synthesized in the cytoplasm from Acetyl-CoA and choline, a reaction catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
  4. ACh transported into vesicles by a the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT)
  5. ACh released occurs when an action potential reaches the terminal and triggers calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels
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22
Q

Explain cholinergic transmission in the synapse

A

Released ACh:

  • ACh binds to cholinergic receptors: nicotinic or muscarinic in the postsynaptic membrane
  • ACh binds to presynaptic M2 ACh receptors, which inhibit Ach release
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splits ACh into choline and acetate
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23
Q

Explain adrenergic transmission in the presynaptic nerve

A

Presynaptic nerve

  1. Tyrosine is transported into the adrenergic neuron by system L
  2. tyrosine is then converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
  3. DOPA is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
  4. Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) translocate dopamine into synaptic vesicles
  5. Intravesicular dopamine-B-hydroxylase converts dopamine to NE
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24
Q

Explain andrenergic transmission in the synaptic cleft

A

Norepinephrine (NE):

  • released NE binds adrenergic receptors: alpha or beta on the postsynaptic membrane
  • Released NE binds to presynaptic a2 autoreceptors which inhibits NE release
  • Termination of the action of NE results from diffusion away from the receptor site and reuptake into the nerve terminal, mediated by the Na+-dependent NE transporter(NET)
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25
Q

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic (ion channel linked) (muscle type-Nm and neuronal type Nn)

Muscarinic receptors (G-protein linked)(M1, M2,M3)

26
Q

What are the types of nicotinic receptors at the skeletal muscle (NMJ)?

A

Nicotinic muscle subtype Nm- function: skeletal muscle contraction

Use ligand gated

Sodium/potassium channels

27
Q

Explain the subtype, function of nicotinic receptors of the brain

A

Nicotinic neuronal subtype (Nn)- function: neuronal development learning and memory

Signal mechanism: ligand gated

Sodium/potassium channels

28
Q

Explain the subtype, function of nicotinic receptors of the adrenal medulla

A

Nicotinic neuronal subtype Nn

Chromaffin cells releases Catecholamines to bloodstream

Ligand-gated

Sodium/potassium channels

29
Q

Explain the subtype, function of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglion

A

Nicotinic neuronal subtype Nn

Postganglionic neuron activation

Ligand-gated

Sodium/potassium channels

30
Q

Give the function of M1 muscuranic receptors in the brain

A

Brain (neurons) function: higher cognitive functions

Signal mechanism 
Gq-protein- linked:
 Increased IP3
 increased DAG
 Increased Ca2+
31
Q

Explain the function of autonomic ganglia (neuron)

A

Uses M1 muscuranic receptors like the brain

Autonomic ganglia (neurons)

Function/effect: stimulates enteric nervous system

Signal mechanism
Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

32
Q

Explain the role of M2 in presynaptice nerve terminal

A

M2 receptor neurons

Function: inhibition of ACh release

Signal mechanism: Gi -protein linked:
Decreased cAMP

33
Q

Explain the function of M2 muscuranic receptors on the heart

A

Heart (mainly in the atria)

Decreased heart rate

Decreased contractility of atria

Signal: Gi-protein-linked results in decreased cAMP

34
Q

Explain the function of M3 muscuranic receptors on exocrine glands

A

Increased exocrine secretions (lacrimal, sweat, salivary, gastric acid)

Signal mechanism
Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

35
Q

Explain the function of M3 muscuranic receptors on pancreatic B cells

A

Increased insulin release

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

36
Q

Explain the function of M3 muscuranic receptors on gastrointestinal smooth muscles

A

Increased gut peristalsis

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

37
Q

Explain the function of M3 muscuranic receptors on detrusor muscle

A

Increased bladder contraction

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

38
Q

What role does M3 muscuranic receptors play in the functioning of the eye?

A

Eye: pupillary sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle

Function: pupillary constriction and accommodation

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

39
Q

What is the function of M3 muscarinic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Bronchial constriction

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

40
Q

What is the function of M3 muscarinic receptors in endothelial cells?

A

Endothelium NO-mediated vasodilation

Gq-protein-linked:
Increased IP3

Increased DAG

Increased Ca2+

41
Q

What are the adrenergic receptors ?

A

a-receptors : G-protein linked( had type a1 and a2)

B-receptors: G-protein linked( B1, B2, B3)

42
Q

What is the function of a1 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle ?

A

Located in vascular smooth muscle

Causes vascular smooth muscle contraction

Signal:

Gq-protein linked

43
Q

What is the function of a1 receptors in the eye

A

Eye: dilator papillae muscle

Function: pupillary dilation

Signal:

Gq-protein linked

44
Q

What is the function of a1 receptors in intestinal and bladder sphincter smooth muscle?

A

Intestinal and bladder contraction

Signal:

Gq-protein linked

45
Q

What is the function of A2 receptors in presynaotic nerve terminals?

A

Decreased norepinephrine release

Signal:

Gi-protein linked

46
Q

What is function of a2 receptors in pancreatic B cells?

A

Pancreatic B cells

Decreased insulin receptors

Gi-protein-linked

47
Q

What is the function of B1 receptors for the heart ?

A

Increased heart rate

Increased contractility

Signal mechanism:
Gs protein linked

Increased cAMP

48
Q

What are the functions of B1 receptors on the kidney (Juxtaglomerular cells)?

A

Increased renin release

Signal mechanism:
Gs protein linked

Increased cAMP

49
Q

What is the function of B1 receptor for adipocytes?

A

Increased lypolysis

Signal mechanism:
Gs protein linked

Increased cAMP

50
Q

What is the function of B2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Causes bronchial dilation

Signal mechanism:
Gs protein linked

Increased cAMP

51
Q

What is the function of blood vessels of skeletal muscle ?

A

Vasodilation

Signal mechanism:
Gs protein linked

Increased cAMP

52
Q

What is the function of B2 receptors in uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) ?

A

Decreased uterine tone

Signal mechanism:

Gs-protein linked

Increased cAMP

53
Q

What is the function B3 receptors on brown adipose tissue ?

A

Thermogenesis

Increased lypolysis

Signal mechanism:
Gs-protein linked

Increased cAMP

54
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system on skin?

A

Sweat glands- secretion

Piloerector muscle -contraction.

No parasympathetic response

55
Q

What is the impact of the autonomic nervous system on Blood vessels ?

A

Skin - sympathetic-constriction

Skeletal muscle- sympathetic-dilation

Viscera- sympathetic- construction

Parasymoathetic- none

56
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the SA node ?

A

Parasympathetic- decreased heart rate.

Sympathetic- increased heart rate

57
Q

What is the impact of the the autonomic nervous system on the AV node?

A

Parasympathetic- Decrease conduction velocity

Sympathetic- increase conduction velocity

58
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system of the Atria?

A

Parasympathetic- decrease contractility

Sympathetic- increase contractility

59
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system on the ventricle?

A

Parasympathetic- little effect

Sympathetic- increase contractility

60
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system on the lungs ?

A

Bronchioles parasympathetic- constriction

Sympathetic- dilation

Glands- parasympathetic-secretion

Sympathetic- decreased secretion

61
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Wall muscles= parasympathetic- contraction sympathetic- relaxation

Sphincters= parasympathetic-relaxation sympathetic- contraction

Glands= parasympathetic-stimulation sympathetic- inhibition

Physiology (36 decks)

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