Autonomic, sympathetic & drugs

Question 1

Where are the neurons for the sympathetic NS located?

Answer 1

T1-L2

Question 2

Describe the pre- and post- ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS (length and neurotransmitter)

Answer 2

Pre: short - ACh
Post: Long - NE

Question 3

Describe the pre- and post- ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS (location, length and neurotransmitter)

Answer 3

S2-S4
Pre: Long - ACh
Post: Short - ACh

Question 4

Adrenergic Receptors are targets of what?

Answer 4

Catecholamines: Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 5

Cholinergic receptors are mediated by which neurotransmitter?

Answer 5

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 6

What are muscarinic receptors?

Answer 6

A type of cholinergic receptor which recognizes ACh in addition to muscarine (weak affinity for nicotine)

• once bound, conformational changes leads to the production of IP3 which increases intracellular Ca
• Calcium can then interact to stimulate or inhibit enzymes or to cause hyperpolarization, secretion, or contraction
• parasympathetic (except sweat glands)

Question 7

What are nicotinic receptors?

Answer 7

type of cholinergic receptor that binds to Ach, Nicotine (weak affinity for muscarine)

• binding causes sodium to enter resulting in depolarization of the effector cell
• parasympathetic

Question 8

What are the physiological functions of ACh?

Answer 8

- Parasympathetic actions 
decrease heart rate
- reduced firing of SA Node
- decrease cardiac output
- vasodilation
- decreased blood pressure
- increased salivary secretion, stimulates intestinal secretion and motility and promotes urination

Question 9

• Anticholinergic
• used primarily to increase HR (good for bradycardia)
• causes dilation
• reduced GI motility
• Dry mouth

Answer 9

Atropine

Question 10

• Anticholinergic
• used primarily as a bronchodilator
• antimuscarinic
• decreased contractility of the SM in the lungs

Answer 10

Ipratropium

Question 11

Sympathomimetics

Answer 11

agents that activate adrenergic receptors

Question 12

Sympatholytic

Answer 12

block the activation of adrenergic receptors

Question 13

Alpha 1 receptors location (4)

Answer 13

Located on smooth muscle, liver, kidney and salivary glands

Question 14

Alpha 1 receptors function

Answer 14

• sympathetic response!
  -vasoconstriction
• Dilation of pupil
• Contraction and urinary retention
• Glycogen breakdown
  Inhibition of renin

Question 15

Alpha 2 receptor locations (4)

Answer 15

presynaptic neurons, pancreas, platelets and CNS

Question 16

Beta 1 receptor location(2)

Answer 16

Heart and kidney

Question 17

Beta 1 receptor function

Answer 17

• Increased HR
  
  • Increased contractility
  • Increase AVconduction
    
    • Increased CO
    • Increased renin (BP)
      Increased inotropic effects (contraction)
      Increased heart rate (chronotropic)
      Increased conduction through AV node (dromotropic)
      Increase myocyte relaxation (Lusitropy)

Question 18

Beta 2 receptor location(4)

Answer 18

lungs (bronchiale sm)
smooth muscle
blood vessels
liver

Question 19

Beta 2 receptor function

Answer 19

causes bronchodilation

ex Ventolin

Question 20

Beta 3 location and function (1)

Answer 20

Adipose tissue increases lipolysis

Question 21

Epinephrine physiological effects

Answer 21

Catecholamine 
bronchodilation 
vasoconstriction
increased CO
good for anaphylaxis 
can stimulate all receptors

Question 22

Norepinephrine physiological effects

Answer 22

vasoconstriction
increased BP
good for cardiac arrest and hypotensive shock
stimulates alpha 1

Question 23

Dopamine physiological effects and how does it work?

Answer 23

causes dilation of the following blood vessels:
	- Renal
	- Mesenteric
	- Coronary
	- Cerebral 
stimulates in a dose dependent manner