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Pharm exam 1 ANS > Autonomic questions > Flashcards

Autonomic questions Flashcards

0
Q

Nerves pass to what located lateral to the spinal cord?

A

paravertebral chains

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1
Q

Sympathetic nerves arise from what segments of spinal cord?

A

T1-L2 (Thoracolumbar outflow)

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2
Q

Each nerve consists of what two types of neurons?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic

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3
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neuron are located where?

A

intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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4
Q

Fibers from cell bodies leave the spinal cord with anterior nerve roots via (what) into one of 22 pair of ganglia aka (blank)

A

white rami, paravertebral sympathetic chain

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5
Q

What are two important kinds of preganglionic neurons?

A

Mostly myelinated, slow conducting type B

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6
Q

Preganglionic fibers synapse with what?
Or
Pass either (blank) or (blank) and synapse with postganglionic neurons in other paravertebral ganglion which then travel to organs.

A

cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
Or
pass Cephalad or Caudad

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7
Q

Are SNS fibers always distributed to the same body part as the spinal nerve?

A

No

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8
Q

Distribution of SNS fibers is a result of what?

A

Embryonic origin

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9
Q

Heart receives much of its SNS fibers from the neck because why?

A

heart originates in the neck in the embryo

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10
Q

Abdominal organs receive their innervation from where?

A

lower thoracic segments

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11
Q

Nerves of the parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) leave the central nervous system via which Nerves?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (vagus), and from sacral portions of spinal cord.

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12
Q

Approximately what percentage of all PNS fibers are in the vagus nerve passing to thoracic and abdominal regions?

A

75%

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13
Q

Vagus nerve supplies PNS stimulation to these organs located in the thoracic and abdominal regions?

A

heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver gall bladder, pancreas, and uterus.

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14
Q

Fibers in CN III go to which anatomic structure?

A

eye

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15
Q

Fibers in CN V go to which anatomic structure?

A

submaxillary glands

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16
Q

Fibers in CN VII go to which anatomic structures?

A

lacriminal, nasal

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17
Q

Fibers in CN IX go to which anatomic structure?

A

parotid gland

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18
Q

Fibers in CN X go to which anatomic structures?

A

heart, stomach, intestine

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19
Q

Sacral part of the PNS pass to which anatomic structures?

A

distal colon, rectum, bladder, lower portion of uterus, and genitalia

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20
Q

SNS short preganglionic fibers terminate where?

A

in ganglia in paravertebral chains along the spinal column or prevertebral ganglion (in front of vertebrae)

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21
Q

SNS relatively long postganglionic fibers run to receptors where?

A

on the tissues innervated

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22
Q

PNS Long preganglionic fibers which terminate where?

A

in the ganglia near the outside of or in organs innervated

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23
Q

PNS has short postganglionic fibers due to what?

A

Their location on or near affected tissue

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24
SNS stimulation of the heart results in what type of response?
increase SA rate, AV conduction velocity, automaticity and contractility
25
SNS stimulation of the Lungs results in what type of response?
Pulmonary arteriole constriction, smooth muscle relaxation
26
SNS stimulation of the GI tract results in what type of response?
Decreased motility & secretion, sphincter contraction, GB relaxation
27
SNS stimulation of the eye results in what type of response?
Radial muscle mydriasis, ciliary muscle relaxation (dilation, increase distance/dark vision)
28
SNS stimulation of the skeletal results in what type of response?
Constriction (alpha), relaxation (beta) muscle arterioles
29
PNS stimulation of the heart results in what type of response?
Decrease SA rate, AV conduction velocity, slight decrease in contractility
30
PNS stimulation of the Lungs results in what type of response?
Pulmonary arteriole relaxation, smooth muscle contraction
31
PNS stimulation of the GI tract results in what type of response?
Increase motility & secretion, sphincter relaxation, GB contraction
32
PNS stimulation of the Eye results in what type of response?
Sphincter muscle-miosis, ciliary muscle contraction (constriction, increase near vision)
33
PNS stimulation of the Skeletal results in what type of response?
relaxation muscle arterioles
34
SNS and PNS oppose one another in what organs?
heart, lung, eye
35
SNS and PNS complement one another in what system?
male reproductive
36
SNS regulate what system without PNS involvement?
blood vessels (muscle arterioles)
37
All preganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitters?
ACh
38
All PNS postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
ACh
39
Most SNS postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
NE (sweat glands release ACh)
40
The adrenal medulla produces and releases what neurotransmitters?
NE, Epi, and dopamine
41
All motor neurons to skeletal muscle release which neurotransmitter?
ACh
42
How does adrenalin get its name?
Epi is produced and released from the Adrenal meduallary
43
Sympathetic fibers also produce what neurotransmitter?
NE
44
Dopamine is also produced where?
in the brain
45
Is Epi produced anywhere else in the body other than adrenal medullary?
No
46
How is norepinephrine synthesized?
In a series of enzyme controlled steps beginning in the cytoplasm of postganglionic nerve endings and completed in synaptic vesicles.
47
The enzymes that help synthesize NE are produced where?
postganglionic nerve endings
48
What are three types of catecholamines?
Epi, NE, and Dopamine
49
In catecholamine synthesis tyrosine hydroxylase does what?
it is a rate-limiting enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine and then tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylaline)
50
In catecholamine synthesis DOPA decarboxylase converts DOPA to what?
dopamine
51
How does dopamine convert into norepinephrine?
Dopamine enters vesicle and enzyme beta-hydroxylase converts to NE
52
How does NE convert to Epi?
Methylation of NE take place in the adrenal medulla through the action of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
53
The drug Aldomet is converted to alpha-methydopamine by which enzyme used in catecholamine synthesis?
DOPA decarboxylase
54
Once Aldomet is converted to alpha-methyldopamine it is then converted to alphamethylnorepinephrine by what enzyme used in catecholamine synthesis?
Beta-hydroxylase
55
What is alphamethylnnorepinephrine?
A False neurotransmitter
56
NE is stored in synaptic vesicles also know as what
chromaffin vesicles
57
How is NE released from synaptic vesicles?
Exocytosis due to depolarization of the local membranes
58
What is needed for depolarization of membranes in exocytosis to take place?
Calcium
59
What is reuptake of NE?
excess or unused catecholamines are recaptured and brought back to postganglionic nerve ending through active transport
60
What is the most important mean of termination of action of NE?
Reuptake
61
What drugs block transport system for reuptake of NE?
cocaine, tricyclic, antidepressants
62
NE, Epi, and dopamine are metabolized after reuptake in the vesicle by what enzyme?
monoamineoxidase (MAO) (hence the effect of MAO inhibitors)
63
Metabolism of NE is important means of termination where?
some blood vessels (minor role elsewhere)
64
What are the 2 types of MAO and what catecholamines do the work on?
1. MOA A deaminates (breaks down) all 3 Epi, NE, and dopamine 2. MOA B deaminates dopamine only
65
NE in extraneuronal tissue is metabolized by what enzyme?
catechol-methyltransferase (COMT)
66
Can catechol-methyltransferase be inhibited pharmacologically like MAO?
No
67
What is hdroxymandelic acid (aka vanilylmadelic acid)?
the urinary metabolite of Epi and NE
68
What is the urinary metabolite of dopamine?
homovanillic acid
69
Where is the adrenal medulla located?
the inner portion of the adrenal gland which is on the upper portion of the kidneys
70
How does adrenal gland (an endocrine organ) activate the sympathetic nervous system?
through secretion of Epi and NE
71
What is the cortex of the adrenal gland and what is its function?
the outer wall that secretes important steroid hormones
72
What is the medulla and what is its function?
The inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes stress hormones
73
When the SNS activates the adrenal medulla large amounts of Epi and NE are released where?
into circulation
74
How is the adrenal medulla innervated?
by preganglionic fibers therefore directly from the spinal cord
75
The adrenal medulla derived embryologically from what?
neural tissue thus analogous to postsynaptic neurons
76
Epi and NE from the adrenal medulla cause similar responses from direct SNS stimulation but are prolonged why?
metabolism relies on COMT
77
When cells receive stimulation from Epi and NE as hormones its effects are what?
global because they are not directly innervated by the SNS
78
Where is acetylcholine synthesized?
cytoplasm of pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings
79
In production of Acetylcholine what 2 proteins and enzyme (catalyst) combine?
Proteins AcCoA (acetly conenzyme A) and Choline use the enzyme choline-acetyltransferase to make Acetylcholine
80
Where is Acetylcholine stored?
in the synaptic vesicles
81
What receptors can ACh bind to?
it can bind and activate receptors on the nicotinic receptor of the autonomic ganglia, Neuromuscular joint, or muscarinic receptors in many sites
82
What causes inactivation of ACh?
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) located in the synapse
83
Acetylcholine effects are very brief due what?
rapid hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
84
What are the byproducts for ACh?
Choline and acetate. Then choline is transported back to nerve endings for recycling for more ACh.
85
Pseudo or plasma cholinesterase is what?
has no clinical effect on ACh and its physiologic purpose is unclear. (but it is essential for metabolism of sux)
86
What are the 5 adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, Beta 3
87
What neurotransmitters do adrenergic receptors respond to?
NE and Epi
88
What happens after response at the postsynaptic Alpha 1 receptor?
vasoconstriction, mydriasis, GI relaxation, contraction of GI and bladder sphincters
89
What happens after binding of postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors?
Hyperpolarization of CNS cells, (decreased MAC) platelet aggregation
90
What happens after binding to presynaptic alpha 2 receptors?
Inhibition of NE release (negative feedback)
91
What happens after binding of postsynaptic beta 1 receptors?
Cardiac: increased conduction, atuomaticity and contractility (for beta receptors to help remember think you have 1heart and 2 lungs)
92
What happens after neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic beta 2 receptors?
Lungs: bronchodilation, GI, Uterine, and bladder relax, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, vasodilation.

Pharm exam 1 ANS (1 decks)

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