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Pharm exam 1 ANS > Autonomic questions > Flashcards

Autonomic questions Flashcards

0
Q

Nerves pass to what located lateral to the spinal cord?

A

paravertebral chains

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1
Q

Sympathetic nerves arise from what segments of spinal cord?

A

T1-L2 (Thoracolumbar outflow)

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2
Q

Each nerve consists of what two types of neurons?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic

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3
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neuron are located where?

A

intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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4
Q

Fibers from cell bodies leave the spinal cord with anterior nerve roots via (what) into one of 22 pair of ganglia aka (blank)

A

white rami, paravertebral sympathetic chain

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5
Q

What are two important kinds of preganglionic neurons?

A

Mostly myelinated, slow conducting type B

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6
Q

Preganglionic fibers synapse with what?
Or
Pass either (blank) or (blank) and synapse with postganglionic neurons in other paravertebral ganglion which then travel to organs.

A

cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
Or
pass Cephalad or Caudad

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7
Q

Are SNS fibers always distributed to the same body part as the spinal nerve?

A

No

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8
Q

Distribution of SNS fibers is a result of what?

A

Embryonic origin

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9
Q

Heart receives much of its SNS fibers from the neck because why?

A

heart originates in the neck in the embryo

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10
Q

Abdominal organs receive their innervation from where?

A

lower thoracic segments

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11
Q

Nerves of the parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) leave the central nervous system via which Nerves?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (vagus), and from sacral portions of spinal cord.

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12
Q

Approximately what percentage of all PNS fibers are in the vagus nerve passing to thoracic and abdominal regions?

A

75%

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13
Q

Vagus nerve supplies PNS stimulation to these organs located in the thoracic and abdominal regions?

A

heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, liver gall bladder, pancreas, and uterus.

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14
Q

Fibers in CN III go to which anatomic structure?

A

eye

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15
Q

Fibers in CN V go to which anatomic structure?

A

submaxillary glands

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16
Q

Fibers in CN VII go to which anatomic structures?

A

lacriminal, nasal

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17
Q

Fibers in CN IX go to which anatomic structure?

A

parotid gland

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18
Q

Fibers in CN X go to which anatomic structures?

A

heart, stomach, intestine

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19
Q

Sacral part of the PNS pass to which anatomic structures?

A

distal colon, rectum, bladder, lower portion of uterus, and genitalia

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20
Q

SNS short preganglionic fibers terminate where?

A

in ganglia in paravertebral chains along the spinal column or prevertebral ganglion (in front of vertebrae)

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21
Q

SNS relatively long postganglionic fibers run to receptors where?

A

on the tissues innervated

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22
Q

PNS Long preganglionic fibers which terminate where?

A

in the ganglia near the outside of or in organs innervated

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23
Q

PNS has short postganglionic fibers due to what?

A

Their location on or near affected tissue

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24
Q

SNS stimulation of the heart results in what type of response?

A

increase SA rate, AV conduction velocity, automaticity and contractility

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25
Q

SNS stimulation of the Lungs results in what type of response?

A

Pulmonary arteriole constriction, smooth muscle relaxation

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26
Q

SNS stimulation of the GI tract results in what type of response?

A

Decreased motility & secretion, sphincter contraction, GB relaxation

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27
Q

SNS stimulation of the eye results in what type of response?

A

Radial muscle mydriasis, ciliary muscle relaxation (dilation, increase distance/dark vision)

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28
Q

SNS stimulation of the skeletal results in what type of response?

A

Constriction (alpha), relaxation (beta) muscle arterioles

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29
Q

PNS stimulation of the heart results in what type of response?

A

Decrease SA rate, AV conduction velocity, slight decrease in contractility

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30
Q

PNS stimulation of the Lungs results in what type of response?

A

Pulmonary arteriole relaxation, smooth muscle contraction

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31
Q

PNS stimulation of the GI tract results in what type of response?

A

Increase motility & secretion, sphincter relaxation, GB contraction

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32
Q

PNS stimulation of the Eye results in what type of response?

A

Sphincter muscle-miosis, ciliary muscle contraction (constriction, increase near vision)

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33
Q

PNS stimulation of the Skeletal results in what type of response?

A

relaxation muscle arterioles

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34
Q

SNS and PNS oppose one another in what organs?

A

heart, lung, eye

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35
Q

SNS and PNS complement one another in what system?

A

male reproductive

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36
Q

SNS regulate what system without PNS involvement?

A

blood vessels (muscle arterioles)

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37
Q

All preganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitters?

A

ACh

38
Q

All PNS postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

39
Q

Most SNS postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

NE (sweat glands release ACh)

40
Q

The adrenal medulla produces and releases what neurotransmitters?

A

NE, Epi, and dopamine

41
Q

All motor neurons to skeletal muscle release which neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

42
Q

How does adrenalin get its name?

A

Epi is produced and released from the Adrenal meduallary

43
Q

Sympathetic fibers also produce what neurotransmitter?

A

NE

44
Q

Dopamine is also produced where?

A

in the brain

45
Q

Is Epi produced anywhere else in the body other than adrenal medullary?

A

No

46
Q

How is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

In a series of enzyme controlled steps beginning in the cytoplasm of postganglionic nerve endings and completed in synaptic vesicles.

47
Q

The enzymes that help synthesize NE are produced where?

A

postganglionic nerve endings

48
Q

What are three types of catecholamines?

A

Epi, NE, and Dopamine

49
Q

In catecholamine synthesis tyrosine hydroxylase does what?

A

it is a rate-limiting enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine and then tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylaline)

50
Q

In catecholamine synthesis DOPA decarboxylase converts DOPA to what?

A

dopamine

51
Q

How does dopamine convert into norepinephrine?

A

Dopamine enters vesicle and enzyme beta-hydroxylase converts to NE

52
Q

How does NE convert to Epi?

A

Methylation of NE take place in the adrenal medulla through the action of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

53
Q

The drug Aldomet is converted to alpha-methydopamine by which enzyme used in catecholamine synthesis?

A

DOPA decarboxylase

54
Q

Once Aldomet is converted to alpha-methyldopamine it is then converted to alphamethylnorepinephrine by what enzyme used in catecholamine synthesis?

A

Beta-hydroxylase

55
Q

What is alphamethylnnorepinephrine?

A

A False neurotransmitter

56
Q

NE is stored in synaptic vesicles also know as what

A

chromaffin vesicles

57
Q

How is NE released from synaptic vesicles?

A

Exocytosis due to depolarization of the local membranes

58
Q

What is needed for depolarization of membranes in exocytosis to take place?

A

Calcium

59
Q

What is reuptake of NE?

A

excess or unused catecholamines are recaptured and brought back to postganglionic nerve ending through active transport

60
Q

What is the most important mean of termination of action of NE?

A

Reuptake

61
Q

What drugs block transport system for reuptake of NE?

A

cocaine, tricyclic, antidepressants

62
Q

NE, Epi, and dopamine are metabolized after reuptake in the vesicle by what enzyme?

A

monoamineoxidase (MAO) (hence the effect of MAO inhibitors)

63
Q

Metabolism of NE is important means of termination where?

A

some blood vessels (minor role elsewhere)

64
Q

What are the 2 types of MAO and what catecholamines do the work on?

A
  1. MOA A deaminates (breaks down) all 3 Epi, NE, and dopamine
  2. MOA B deaminates dopamine only
65
Q

NE in extraneuronal tissue is metabolized by what enzyme?

A

catechol-methyltransferase (COMT)

66
Q

Can catechol-methyltransferase be inhibited pharmacologically like MAO?

A

No

67
Q

What is hdroxymandelic acid (aka vanilylmadelic acid)?

A

the urinary metabolite of Epi and NE

68
Q

What is the urinary metabolite of dopamine?

A

homovanillic acid

69
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla located?

A

the inner portion of the adrenal gland which is on the upper portion of the kidneys

70
Q

How does adrenal gland (an endocrine organ) activate the sympathetic nervous system?

A

through secretion of Epi and NE

71
Q

What is the cortex of the adrenal gland and what is its function?

A

the outer wall that secretes important steroid hormones

72
Q

What is the medulla and what is its function?

A

The inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes stress hormones

73
Q

When the SNS activates the adrenal medulla large amounts of Epi and NE are released where?

A

into circulation

74
Q

How is the adrenal medulla innervated?

A

by preganglionic fibers therefore directly from the spinal cord

75
Q

The adrenal medulla derived embryologically from what?

A

neural tissue thus analogous to postsynaptic neurons

76
Q

Epi and NE from the adrenal medulla cause similar responses from direct SNS stimulation but are prolonged why?

A

metabolism relies on COMT

77
Q

When cells receive stimulation from Epi and NE as hormones its effects are what?

A

global because they are not directly innervated by the SNS

78
Q

Where is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

cytoplasm of pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings

79
Q

In production of Acetylcholine what 2 proteins and enzyme (catalyst) combine?

A

Proteins AcCoA (acetly conenzyme A) and Choline use the enzyme choline-acetyltransferase to make Acetylcholine

80
Q

Where is Acetylcholine stored?

A

in the synaptic vesicles

81
Q

What receptors can ACh bind to?

A

it can bind and activate receptors on the nicotinic receptor of the autonomic ganglia, Neuromuscular joint, or muscarinic receptors in many sites

82
Q

What causes inactivation of ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) located in the synapse

83
Q

Acetylcholine effects are very brief due what?

A

rapid hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

84
Q

What are the byproducts for ACh?

A

Choline and acetate. Then choline is transported back to nerve endings for recycling for more ACh.

85
Q

Pseudo or plasma cholinesterase is what?

A

has no clinical effect on ACh and its physiologic purpose is unclear. (but it is essential for metabolism of sux)

86
Q

What are the 5 adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, Beta 3

87
Q

What neurotransmitters do adrenergic receptors respond to?

A

NE and Epi

88
Q

What happens after response at the postsynaptic Alpha 1 receptor?

A

vasoconstriction, mydriasis, GI relaxation, contraction of GI and bladder sphincters

89
Q

What happens after binding of postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors?

A

Hyperpolarization of CNS cells, (decreased MAC) platelet aggregation

90
Q

What happens after binding to presynaptic alpha 2 receptors?

A

Inhibition of NE release (negative feedback)

91
Q

What happens after binding of postsynaptic beta 1 receptors?

A

Cardiac: increased conduction, atuomaticity and contractility (for beta receptors to help remember think you have 1heart and 2 lungs)

92
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic beta 2 receptors?

A

Lungs: bronchodilation, GI, Uterine, and bladder relax, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, vasodilation.

Pharm exam 1 ANS (1 decks)

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