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ANS - Receptors and Effects > Autonomic Physiology COPY > Flashcards

Autonomic Physiology COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What branch of the ANS is involved in fight or flight?

A

sympathetic

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2
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibres arise from in the spinal column?

A

T1-L2(3) (Thoracolumbar)

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3
Q

What part of the spinal cord do the sympathetic fibres arise from?

A

lateral horns

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4
Q

Compare the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic fibres in the sympathetic system.

A

Preganglionic fibres are short. Postganglionic fibres are long.

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5
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres emerge from the spinal cord?

A

In the ventral rami via a white ramus communicans (preganglionic fibre)

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6
Q

What structure allows for transmission of sympathetic impulses throughout the body and not just between levels T1-L2?

A

The sympathetic chain

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7
Q

How is the sympathetic chain arranged?

A

Paravertebrally

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8
Q

What levels does the sympathetic chain span?

A

C1- Coccygeal 1

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9
Q

What ability of the sympathetic system results in the mass response of the body to it?

A

The ability of the impulses to run up and down the sympathetic chain and synapse in different areas

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10
Q

The sympathetic system has 3 options for mechanisms by which the fibres can synapse. Describe them.

A
  1. can synapse in a chain ganglion AT THE SAME LEVEL before exiting
  2. ascend and descend within the sympathetic chain before synapsing at a DIFFERENT LEVEL and exiting
  3. pass straight through chain and SYNAPSE ELSEWHERE
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11
Q

What synapsing mechanism of the sympathetic fibres will NOT be used concerning supply to the skin and body wall?

A

passing straight through chain and synapsing elsewhere

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12
Q

What body structures can make use of all 3 sympathetic synapsing mechanisms?

A

supply to the viscera

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13
Q

How are the heart and lungs supplied by the sympathetic system?

A

preganglionic fibres synapse in paravertebral ganglion but do not leave via grey ramus communicans. Instead pass straight through to supply the heart or lungs.

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14
Q

How are the abdominal viscera supplied by the sympathetic system?

A

preganglionic fibres DON’T synapse in the paravertebral chain but instead in a pre-aortic ganglion (prevertebral) and then continue as a postganglionic fibre within the organ

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15
Q

What 2 qualities characterise a splanchnic nerve?

A
  1. do not re-enter spinal nerve

2. only supply thoracic or abdominopelvic viscera

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16
Q

Where do the thoracic splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

T1-T4

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17
Q

Where do the abdominal splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

T5-L2(3)

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18
Q

What body structure must the T5-T12 splanchnic pass through to reach the abdominal viscera?

A

the diaphragm

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19
Q

Which ANS does general sensory information from the viscera run with?

A

parasympathetic fibres

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20
Q

Which ANS is the main conductor of pain impulses from the viscera?

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

Which ANS conducts pain impulses from PELVIC viscera?

A

parasympathetic (as well as sympathetic)

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22
Q

What ANS is involved with resting and digesting?

A

parasympathetic

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23
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres arise from?

A

cranial nerves C3,7,9 and 10 and S2-4 (craniosacral)

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24
Q

What are the parasympathetic fibres arising from S2-S4 also commonly referred to as?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

25
Q

Compare the length of preganglionic fibres and postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic system.

A

Long preganglionic fibres. Short postganglionic fibres.

26
Q

What is the pelvic (inferior hypogastric) plexus?

A

Converging of sympathetic and S2-S4 parasympathetic fibres as a paired mixed network.

27
Q

How do the sympathetic fibres synapse in relation to the pelvic plexus?

A

synapse in plexus before supplying pelvic viscera

28
Q

How do the parasympathetic fibres synapse in relation to the pelvic plexus?

A

run through plexus and synapse in ganglia within target organ walls

29
Q

Describe the ‘pathway’ of the parasympathetic fibres.

A

Preganglionic fibres run bilaterally run through the lumbosacral plexus in the cauda equina to the sacral foramina at levels S2-S4
Then exit via foramina at S2-S4 and run through pelvic plexus to synapse in parasympathetic ganglion near or in target organ. Postganglionic fibres then supply organ.

30
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibres?

A

acetylcholine

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the sympathetic postganglionic fibre?

A

noradrenaline

32
Q

What is the exception to the sympathetic system’s neurotransmitter release rule?

A

preganglionic fibre in kidney medulla enough to stimulate release of the HORMONE noradrenaline which is then carried in blood to produce response

33
Q

What receptors does noradrenaline act on in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

alpha and beta receptors

34
Q

As a rule, what effect will activation of alpha 1 receptors have on smooth muscle?

A

contraction

35
Q

As a rule, what effect will activation of beta 2 receptors have on smooth muscle?

A

relaxation

36
Q

Smooth muscle tissue in skeletal muscle has lots of what kind of receptor?

A

beta receptors (presumably to allow for quick dilation of blood vessels to allow maximum blood flow)

37
Q

The gut has many of what kind of sympathetic receptor?

A

alpha receptors (peristalsis)

38
Q

How does the sympathetic system cause the pupil to dilate?

A

by causing radial muscle contraction by activating alpha 1 receptors

39
Q

How does the sympathetic system cause the eyes to focus far away?

A

by activating beta 2 receptors to relax ciliary muscle

40
Q

How does the sympathetic system increase the heart rate?

A

by activating beta 1 receptors on pacemaker cells

41
Q

How does the sympathetic system increase the strength of contraction of the heart?

A

by activating beta 1 receptors on myocytes

42
Q

How does the sympathetic system cause dilation of the airways?

A

by activating beta 2 on the smooth muscle of airways

43
Q

How does the sympathetic system cause contraction of the blood vessels? Why would it want to do this?

A

by activating alpha 1 receptors. It will decrease blood flow to a particular area but increase it elsewhere where it is needed more for the fight/flight response

44
Q

How does the sympathetic system cause relaxation of blood vessels?

A

by activating beta 2 receptors - increases blood flow

45
Q

How does the sympathetic system aid the reproductive system in men?

A

activation of alpha 1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra causes contraction causing ejaculation

46
Q

How does the sympathetic system reduce pressure in the bladder?

A

activation of beta 2 receptors in the bladder wall causing relaxation

47
Q

How does the sympathetic system prevent you from peeing?

A

activation of alpha 1 receptors on smooth muscle of sphincter muscle

48
Q

How does the sympathetic system affect energy stores?

A

activates alpha or beta receptors on liver cells to increase gluconeogenesis

49
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic postsynaptic fibre?

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

What type of receptor does the parasympathetic postganglionic fibre’s neurotransmitter act on?

A

muscarinic

51
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect the eyes?

A

pupil constricts - radial muscles

eye focusses close up - ciliary muscles

52
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect the heart?

A

decreases heart rate by activating muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells
little effect on force of contraction

53
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect the lungs?

A

activating the muscarinic receptors causes constriction of the airways by contraction

54
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on blood vessels?

A

very little effect

55
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the digestive system?

A

activates muscarinic receptors which increase enzyme secretion from pancreas

56
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the energy stores?

A

little effect

57
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the salivary glands?

A

activating muscarinic receptors stimulates profuse watery secretion

58
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the bladder?

A

activating muscarinic receptors on bladder wall - contracts and increases pressure
‘’ ‘’ on sphincter muscles - sphincter muscle relaxes causing urination

59
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the reproductive system in men?

A

activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernous causes relaxation of smooth muscle - the erection

ANS - Receptors and Effects (2 decks)

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