Autonomic Physiology 2

Question 1

What does tissues response to nerves depend on?

Answer 1

What neurotransmitter is used and what receptor it acts on

Question 2

What receptors does noradrenaline act on?

Answer 2

Alpha and beta receptors

Question 3

What receptors does acetylcholine act on?

Answer 3

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Question 4

What does the sympathetic system do in the eye?

Answer 4

Activates B2 receptor on cilary muscle round the lens (muscle relaxes and the eye focuses far away)

Activates A1 receptor on radial muscle of iris (muscle contracts and makes pupils larger)

Question 5

What does the parasympathetic system do in the eye?

Answer 5

Activates muscarinic receptors on colary muscle (muscle contracts and eye focuses close up)

Activates muscarinic receptor on sphlincter muscle (muscle contracts and makes pupils smaller)

Question 6

What does the sympathetic system do in the heart?

Answer 6

Activates B1 receptors on pacemaker cells (increase heart rate)

Activates B1 receptors on myocytes (increases strength of contraction)

Question 7

What does the parasympathetic system do in the heart?

Answer 7

Activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells (decreases heart rate)

Little effect on myocytes (little effect on strength of contraction)

Question 8

What does the sympathetic system do in the lungs?

Answer 8

Activates B2 receptors in smooth muscle of airway (muscle relaxes and dilutes airway)

Question 9

What does the parasympathetic system do in the lungs?

Answer 9

Activates muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle on airway (muscle contracts and constricts airway)

Question 10

What does the sympathetic system do in blood vessels?

Answer 10

Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle contracts and blood flow decreases)

Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle relaxes and blood flow increases)

Question 11

What does the parasympathetic system do in blood vessels?

Answer 11

Usually no effect

Question 12

What does the sympathetic system do in the gut?

Answer 12

Activates A/B receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (decreases gut motility)

Activates A receptors on pancreas (inhibits secreation of enzymes)

Question 13

What does the parasympathetic system do in the gut?

Answer 13

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (increases gut motility)

Activates muscarinic receptors in pancrease (increases secretion)

Question 14

What does the sympathetic system do on energy stores?

Answer 14

Activates A/B receptors on liver cells (stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycolysis)

Activates A/B receptors on fat cells (increases lipolysis)

Question 15

What does the parasympathetic system do to energy stores?

Answer 15

No effect

Question 16

What does the sympathetic system do to the silivary glands?

Answer 16

Activates B receptors (stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes)

Question 17

What does the parasympathetic system do to the salivary glands?

Answer 17

Activates muscarinic receptors (stimulates profuse watery secretion)

Question 18

What does the sympathetic system do on the bladder?

Answer 18

Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle relaxes and reduces pressure)

Activates A1 receptor on smooth muscle of sphincter (muscle contracts and stops urination)

Question 19

What does the parasympathetic system do on the bladder?

Answer 19

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle contracts and increases pressure)

Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter (muscle relaxes and causes urination)

Question 20

What does the sympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?

Answer 20

Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra (muscle contracts and causes ejactulation)

Question 21

What does the parasympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?

Answer 21

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum (muscle relaxes and causes erection)

Question 22

What beta receptors are usually found in the heart?

Answer 22

B1

Question 23

What beta receptors are usually found in the lungs?

Answer 23

B2

Question 24

What does having different beta receptors in the heart and lungs allow?

Answer 24

Drugs to target one without affecting the other

Question 25

What are different types of innervation between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Answer 25

Antagonistic action

Single innervation

Dual innvervation with non-antagonistic action

Dual innervation with complimentary efffects

Question 27

What is an example of antagonistic action?

Answer 27

The eye

Question 28

What is an example of single innervation?

Answer 28

Energy stores

Question 29

What is an example of dual innervation with non-antagonistic action?

Answer 29

Salivary glands

Question 30

What is an example of dual innervation with complimentary effect?

Answer 30

Reproductive tract

Question 31

What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by?

Answer 31

Autonomic reflexes

Hypothalamus

Question 32

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 32

Coordinates autonomic, somatic and endocrine activity

Question 33

What is an example of an autonomic reflex?

Answer 33

Baroreceptors that detect blood pressure

Question 34

What are some complications of the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (not following the ‘rules’?

Answer 34

Some neurones release non adrenergic and non cholinergic transmitter (NO, ATP)

Some may co release transmitters

Some neurones are odd, such as sympathetic post ganglion fibres innervating sweat glands releasing acetylcholine