Autonomic Physiology 1

Question 1

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 1

NE

Question 2

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 2

ACh

Question 3

Sympathetic receptors

Answer 3

adrenergic

Question 4

Parasympathetic receptors

Answer 4

muscarinic

Question 5

Adrenergic drug is a

Answer 5

Sympathomimetic Drug = Adrenergic Agonist

Question 6

Anti-Adrenergic Drug is a

Answer 6

Sympatholytic Drug = Adrenergic Antagonist

Question 7

Cholinergic Drug is a

Answer 7

Parasympathomimetic Drug = Muscarinic Drug

Question 8

Anti-Cholinergic Drug is a

Answer 8

Parasympatholytic Drug = Anti-Muscarinic Drug

Question 9

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 9

a1
a2
B1
B2
B3

Question 10

Adrenergic receptors are

Answer 10

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Question 11

Pharmacological actions and Adverse reactions are both

Answer 11

Extension of physiological responses of sympathetic autonomic nervous system

Question 12

Physiological & Pharmacological Response of SNS

Answer 12

Increase in:
Heart rate
Contractility
AV conduction

Question 13

Adverse response of SNS

Answer 13

Tachycardia
Palpitations
Arrhythmias
increase in O2 demand → Ischemia

Question 14

a1 receptors cause

Answer 14

vasoconstriction
pupil dilation
bladder constriction
glucogenolysis (increased glucose)

Question 15

a2 receptors act on

Answer 15

CNS
inhibit NE release

Question 16

B1 receptors cause

Answer 16

increased HR
increased contractility
increased AV conduction

Question 17

B2 receptors cause

Answer 17

bronchodilation
vasodilation
decreased GI motility

Question 18

B3 receptors cause

Answer 18

increased lypolysis = increased free fatty acids
bladder wall relaxation

Question 19

a receptors are adrenergic _______

Answer 19

agonists

Question 20

B receptors are adrenergic _______

Answer 20

agonists

Question 21

Catecholamines

Answer 21

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine

Question 22

General uses of adrenergic agonists

Answer 22

1. Local vasoconstriction (Nasal decongestion)
2. Treatment of hypotension and shock
3. Ophthalmic uses (Mydriasis, glaucoma)
4. Treatment of allergic states (Anaphylaxis; “Epi-pen”)
5. CNS stimulation (ADHD; narcolepsy)
6. Treatment of hypertension (a2 agonists only)

Question 23

Types of adrenergic agonists

Answer 23

1. Direct-acting
   → Receptor binding
2. Indirect-acting
   → Modulation of endogenous catecholamines
   → Via altering synthesis, metabolism, transport
3. Mixed-acting

Question 24

Direct-acting agonists and uses

Answer 24

Epinephrine: vasoconstriction
local anesthesia
hemostasis (stops bleeding)
anaphylaxis

Question 25

When does anaphylaxis become deadly

Answer 25

airway constriction and hypotension

Question 26

a1 selective drugs

Answer 26

phenylephrine midodrine

Question 27

a2 selective drugs

Answer 27

clonidine methyldopa

Question 28

Phenylephrine causes

Answer 28

vasoconstriction (increase BP) relief of nasal congestion

Question 29

Midodrine causes

Answer 29

vasoconstriction (increase BP) treats postural hypotension

Question 30

a2 receptors act at the

Answer 30

CNS

Question 31

Clonidine and methyldopa are sympatho___

Answer 31

sympatholytic

Question 32

Clonidine is used as a

Answer 32

anti-hypertensive agent treats withdrawal symptoms

Question 33

Methyldopa is used for

Answer 33

anti-hypertensive can vasoconstrict

Question 34

B1 agonist drug

Answer 34

dobutamine

Question 35

B1 receptor of dobutamine is selective for stimulation of

Answer 35

heart

Question 36

Dobutamine causes

Answer 36

increase in myocardial contractility; increase in heart rate increase in cardiac output

Question 37

Dobutamine treats

Answer 37

short term treatment of acute myocardial insufficiency Congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery

Question 38

Albuterol is a

Answer 38

B2 agonist, short acting bronchodilator

Question 39

Albuterol is used in the treatment of

Answer 39

Asthma and COPD

Question 40

Common side effects of albuterol

Answer 40

tremor tachycardia palpitations

Question 41

B2 agonists will also activate _______ at high doses!

Answer 41

B1 receptors

Question 42

Indirect acting agents

Answer 42

Amphetamines (Adderall) Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Cocaine

Question 43

Mixed acting agents

Answer 43

Ephedrine (from herb, ephedra) Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

Question 44

Amphetamine (Amph) functions

Answer 44

Competes with dopamine at DAT Inhibits VMAT ↑ Dopamine level at synapse Similar action on norepinephrine (NE)

Question 45

Amphetamine is used to treat

Answer 45

ADHD narcolepsy

Question 46

Ephedrine functions

Answer 46

inhibits NE transport directly and indirectly

Question 47

Ephedrine causes

Answer 47

vasoconstriction decreases edema

Question 48

Ephedrine is used to treat

Answer 48

nasal congestion hypotension

Question 49

Problems of indirect and mixed agonists

Answer 49

Acute tolerance (“Tachyphylaxis”) Drug interactions * Tricyclic antidepressants * MAO inhibitors

Question 50

Dopamine cardiovascular effects

Answer 50

Low dose: Vasodilation → Increased renal blood flow For maintaining renal function in case of shock High dose: Works on B1 receptors → Increase contractile force Activates a1 receptors → Vasoconstriction Stimulates release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals Excessive doses of dopamine results in tachycardia and arrhythmia

Question 51

Sympathomimetic adverse reactions

Answer 51

Anxiety Tremors Restlessness Palpitations Serious arrhythmias Dramatic rise in BP

Question 52

Sympathomimetic contraindictions

Answer 52

Uncontrolled hypertension Angina (Chest pain due to ischemia) Hyperthyroidism