autonomic pharmacology and and muscle relaxant lesson

Question 1

parasympathetic

Answer 1

cholinergic

Question 2

sympathetic

Answer 2

adrenergic

Question 3

A state which exists in most organ system

Answer 3

balanced antagonism

Question 4

predominance of one division over the other

Answer 4

states tomus

Question 5

maintains systemic blood pressure

Answer 5

sympathetic tone

Question 6

maintains gut motility

Answer 6

parasympathetic tone

Question 7

is the major neutransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division. These postganlionic fibers are called adrenergic fibers.

Answer 7

norepinephrine

Question 8

Norepinephrine is also called

Answer 8

norafrenaline

Question 9

is the transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system and the fibers are called chlolinergic fibers.

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics because of the following reasons;

Answer 10

causes generalized but transient effect

readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase that it cannot be detected in the plasma

Question 11

Classification of chlolinergic receptors

Answer 11

muscarinic effects
nicotinic effect

Question 12

*include effects of acetylchloline on glands (increased secretion), smooth muscles ( generally enhanced contraction) and cardiac muscle (depressed activity).

Answer 12

muscarinic effect

Question 13

include the action of acetylchloline of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia (overstimulation of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers) and the neuroeffector junctions (increased skeletal muscle concentration).

Answer 13

nicotinic effcet

Question 13

a poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms

Answer 13

muscarine

Question 14

a substance derived from tobacco.

Answer 14

nicotine

Question 15

also called parasympathomimethics or cholinomimetics.

Answer 15

cholinergic drugs

Question 16

Directly acting cholinergics

Answer 16

pilocarpine
arecoline
methacholine
muscarine
betanechol
carbachol

Question 17

Drugs acting on the cholinergic domains:

Answer 17

ganglion blocker
neuromuscular blocker
acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor
acetylcholineh release inhibitor

Question 18

Drugs acting on the cholinergic domains:

Answer 18

Anticholinergics

Question 19

Classification of adrenergic receptors

Answer 19

alpha adrenergic
beta adrenergic
dopaminergic

Question 20

*present in postsynaptic fibers

Answer 20

α1

Question 21

*present in both pr and post synaptic fibers

Answer 21

α2

Question 22

• – Chiefly in the heart

Answer 22

β1

Question 23

• – in blood vessels, bronchi, etc

Answer 23

β2

Question 24

Blockage of this action results in accumulation of Ach, which will cause exaggerated or prolonged cholinergic response

Answer 24

cholinesterase

Question 25

stimulates both alpha and beta receptors

Answer 25

epinephrine

Question 26

*mainly an alpha stimulant

Answer 26

norepinephrine

Question 27

alpha stimulant

Answer 27

phenyleprine

Question 28

*beta stimulant

Answer 28

isoproterenol

Question 29

Clinical uses of sympathomimetics

Answer 29

*Adjunct to local anesthesia – vasocondtriction prolongs effect of local anesthetic *Hemostatic – epistaxis in horses *Mydriatic – gross dilatation of the pupil *Anaphylactic reactions *Bronchodilator – expansion of the lumina of the passages of the lungs *Local skin allergy *Decongestant *Cardiac arrest Hypertensive conditions

Question 30

Clinical uses of alpha adrenergic blockers include the following

Answer 30

Cardiovascular shock Overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine by catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla

Question 31

Clinical uses of beta adrenergic blockers include

Answer 31

*Hypertension in humans *Reversing digitals-induced arrhythmias Treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy, *Block the effect of excessive epinephrine in phaeochromocytoma.

Question 32

is the drug of choice to relieve the symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens.

Answer 32

epinephrine

Question 33

rapidly relieves itching and urticaria and may save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation

Answer 33

subcutaneous administration

Question 34

responsive to antihistamines, but epinephrine is necessary in the event of a sever reaction.

Answer 34

angioedema

Question 35

secrets epinephrine in response to administration of nicotine.

Answer 35

adrenal medulla

Question 36

ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Answer 36

acetylcholine

Question 37

Approximately 2% of the total serotonin in the mammalian body is located within the CNS, especially in

Answer 37

pineal gland hypothalamus

Question 38

cells of the intestine contain about 90% of this endogenously produced amine chemically known as 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in serume

Answer 38

enterochromaffin

Question 39

exert several metabolic effects, including hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia. inhibit insulin release through alpha receptors.

Answer 39

catecholamine

Question 40

caused by inhibition of glucose synthase, which uses glucose to make glycogen, and by stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase, which converts glycogen back to glucose.

Answer 40

hyperglycemia

Question 41

are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors.

Answer 41

organophosphate

Question 42

The most important antidote to the effects of OP blocks the muscarinic but not the nicotic effects.

Answer 42

atropine

Question 43

) is clinically useful only during the early stages of poisoning.

Answer 43

Pralidoxime

Question 44

should not be given to animals poisoned with OP.

Answer 44

Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates

Question 45

are especially resistant to the effects to atropine because of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase

Answer 45

goat and rabbit

Question 46

quite resistant to orally administered atropine, but may be responsive to parenteral administration.

Answer 46

horses cattle

Question 47

are sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine.

Answer 47

pig, dog and cat

Question 48

are those drugs that induce temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles.

Answer 48

muscle relaxant

Question 49

*formerly known as glyceryl gulacolate which is used as aan adjunct to anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation and restraint for short procedures.

Answer 49

Guaifenesin

Question 50

*central acting muscle relaxant that is used as an adjunct to rest and physical therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal injury, muscular spasm associated with tetanus and metaldehyde or strychnine poisoning.

Answer 50

methocarbamol

Question 51

SITES OF ACTION OF DRUGS CAUSING MUSCLE RELAXATION

Answer 51

*CNS *Motor nerve fiber *Motor nerve terminal *Acetylcholine receptors in motor end plate *Skeletal muscle fiber

Question 52

can cause muscle relaxation when applied around muscle fibers. However, they are not used for the muscle relaxant effect.

Answer 52

lidocaine

Question 53

can relax skeletal muscles but they are not used routinely for the sole purpose of muscle relaxation.

Answer 53

general anesthetic

Question 54

prevent the release of Ach from nerve endings, causing muscle relaxation.

Answer 54

botulinus toxin aminoglycoside antibiotics

Question 55

receptors in motor end plate. Muscle acting on this site are most clinically useful muscle relaxants.

Answer 55

acetylcholine

Question 56

decreases sarcoplasmic free calcium concentration by promoting its uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum = useful in malignant hyperthermia.

Answer 56

dantrolene

Question 57

– compete with Ach for cholinergic receptors in the end plate.

Answer 57

*Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs

Question 58

* noncompetitive blockes of cholinergic receptors in the end plate. There is sustained stimulation leading to receptor fatigue and muscle paralysis.

Answer 58

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs –