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Daniel Drugs > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction do efferent signals go?

A

Away from the CNS

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2
Q

What is somatic efferent?

A

Voluntary contraction

Neurones leaving spinal cord and innervating muscle

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3
Q

What direction do afferent signals go?

A

Towards the CNS

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4
Q

What is somatic afferent?

A

Nerves supplying skin, joints, muscles

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5
Q

What are the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus part of and where do they supply?

A

They are part of the enteric nervous system, a mesh-like system of neutrons which governs the function of the GI system

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6
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic neurones of the sympathetic system originate from?

A

From the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord: T1 to L2

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter:
A) pre-ganglionic
B) post-ganglionic

A

A) Acetycholine

B) Noradrenaline

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9
Q

What does parasympathetic originate from?

A

Craniosacral (CN III, VII, IX, X)

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10
Q

What is a G-protein made up of?

A

3 polypeptide subunits (alpha, beta and gamma)

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11
Q

Where is the binding site on the G-protein and what can it hold?

A

The guanine nucleotide binding site is in the alpha subunit and can hold GDP or GTP

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12
Q

When there is no signal, what is the state of the receptor, G-protein and effector?

A

Receptor: unoccupied
G-protein: GDP bound to alpha subunit
Effector: not modulated

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13
Q

What happens when an agonist activates the receptor?

A

G-protein couples with the receptor; GDP diossicates from, and GTP binds to, the alpha subunit

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14
Q

What happens when GTP binds to the alpha subunit

A

G-protein dissociates into separate alpha and beta-gamma subunits; G-protein alpha subunit combines with and modifies the activity of the effector

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15
Q

How is the signal turned off?

A

the alpha subunit acts as a GTPase enzyme to hydrolyse gap to GDP and Pi

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16
Q

How is the G-protein cycle completed?

A

The G-protein alpha-subunit recombines with the beta-gamma subunit

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17
Q

What are the receptors for the parasympathetic system and what G protein does each one couple to?

A

M1 - Gq
M2 - Gi
M3 - Gq

18
Q

What is the transmitter for the parasympathetic system?

A

Acetylcholine

19
Q

What does stimulation of M1 receptor do?

A

Increase stomach acid secretion due to stimulation of phospholipase C

20
Q

What does stimulation of M2 receptor do?

A

Decreases HR, opening of K+ channels, inhibition of adenyl cyclase: Decreased cAMP

21
Q

What does stimulation of M3 receptor do?

A

Contraction of airways + relaxation of vasculature

22
Q

What are the receptors for the sympathetic system and what G protein does each one couple to?

A

B1 - Gs
B2 - Gs
A1 - Gq
A2 - Gi

23
Q

What does stimulation of B1 receptor do?

A

Causes increased heart rate and force

24
Q

What does stimulation of B2 receptor do?

A

Relaxation of airways and vasculature

25
Q

What does stimulation of A1 receptor do?

A

Contraction of vasculature

26
Q

What does stimulation of A2 receptor do?

A

Decreased noradrenaline release

27
Q

How many glycoprotein subunits do ligand gated-ion channels contain

A

5

28
Q

What do ligand gated-ion channels allow?

A

Rapid changes in membrane permeability
Rapidly alter membrane potential (-90mV in myocytes)
Normally 2 binding sites for Ach –> causes opening of sodium channels, depolarisation

29
Q

What does nicotine mimic the affects of?

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

Where are U1 and U2 located?

A

U1 - post-ganglionic neurone (recognises noradrenaline)

U2 - effector cell

31
Q

What does cocaine block?

A

U1, increase noradrenaline in sympathetic cleft, increases adrenoceptor stimulation

32
Q

What does adrenoceptor stimulation by cocaine cause?

A

A1 stimulation - vasoconstriction

B1 stimulation - arrhythmias

33
Q

Atropine is a competitive antagonist of what receptors?

A

M1, M2 and M3

34
Q

What is an increase in heart rate caused by?

A

Sympathetic

Noradrenaline acting on B1

35
Q

What is constriction of the bronchi caused by?

A

Parasympathetic

Acetycholine acting on M3

36
Q

What is erection caused by?

A

Parasympathetic

37
Q

What is ejaculation caused by?

A

Sympathetic

38
Q

Which system causes reduced GI motility + sphincter contraction?

A

Sympathetic

39
Q

Which system causes increased GI motility + sphincter relaxation?

A

Parasympathetic

40
Q

What causes a decrease in heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic

Ach acting on M2

41
Q

What causes decreased mucous secretion?

A

Sympathetic

42
Q

What causes relaxation of the bronchi?

A

Sympathetic

Adrenaline acting on B2

Daniel Drugs (4 decks)

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