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Pharmacology Pt. 2 > Autonomic pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetyl choline

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2
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

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3
Q

What structure is responsible for protecting the CNS from toxins, chemicals, etc.?

A

The blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Which division of the nervous system is characterized by ganglia that are located in close proximity to the target organ?

A

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Which division of the nervous system is characterized by ganglia located near the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic.

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6
Q

Name the receptor type and neurotransmitter type involved at the preganglionic synapses of all autonomic nerve ganglia.

A

Ach - nicotinic

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7
Q

Somatic motor synapses use ______ receptors and ______ neurotransmitters.

A

Nicotinic, Ach

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8
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

A

Norepinephrine

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate with skeletal muscle, blood vessels, and sweat glands? Which receptor is involved?

A

Ach. Muscarinic receptor (muscarinic receptor is always the Ach receptor involved in the post-ganglionic synapse)

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands? Which receptor is involved?

A

Ach. Muscarinic receptor

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11
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation results in pupil and bronchial _________.

A

constriction

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12
Q

The adrenal glands are considered part of the ________ nervous system because _____________.

A

sympathetic because they release epi and norepi

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13
Q

Sympathetic stimulation ________ urination while parasympathetic stimulation ________ urination.

A

inhibits, promotes

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14
Q

Myasthenia gravis is often treated by _______ inhibitors. Name one more treatment method.

A

cholinesterase

Also treated with immune suppressors.

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15
Q

How do you determine is a patient with Myasthenia gravis is having a flaccid vs. spastic paralytic event?

A

Bradycardia and hypersalivation indicates spastic paralysis due to too much Ach. Can also be tested with short-acting Achesterase inhibitor like edrophonium, which will help only the patient in myasthenic crisis (flaccid paralysis).

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16
Q

Which amino acid is the precursor for dopa?

A

Tyrosine.

17
Q

What does monoamine oxidase do?

A

Degrades monoamine-containing neurotransmitters like epi and norepi and dopamine (as well as serotonin even though it is not a SNS neurotransmitter) after reuptake into the presynaptic neuron.

18
Q

What results from detrusor muscle relaxation? Which branch of the autonomic nervous system stimulates its relaxation?

A

Detrusor muscle relaxation happens for urine retention (along with sphincter contraction). Sympathetic branch does it.

19
Q

The first synapse of both the PNS and SNS that release acetylcholine use what type of receptor?

A

Nicotinic

20
Q

What important class of drugs are Ach agonists/cholinesterase antagonists?

A

Cholinomimetics

21
Q

What type of paralysis does snake venom cause? What about clostridium botulinum?

A

Depends on the snake. C. Botulinum causes flaccid paralysis.

22
Q

What causes Myasthenia gravis?

A

Auto Abs that bind to nicotinic Ach receptors on skeletal muscle, causing receptor endocytosis and degradation.

23
Q

What type of paralysis is a “Myasthenic crisis?”

A

Flaccid

24
Q

What is edrophonium?

A

An anticholinesterase used to determine type of paralysis of a myasthenia gravis patient

25
Q

What is the ingredient in most insecticides? What about nerve gas?

A

Organophosphates (irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors) - nerve gas is the same

26
Q

How is nerve gas/insecticide exposure treated? Name a specific drug.

A

Treated with anticholinergic drugs such as atropine, plus an additional med to help restore cholinesterase activity.

27
Q

Name the four neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Dopamine, epi, norepi, acetylcholine

28
Q

What is the pathway for epinephrine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine –> Dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepi –> Epi

29
Q

What is 5-HT?

A

Serotonin

30
Q

Norepinephrine has a higher affinity for ____ receptors whereas epinephrine has a higher affinity for ____ receptors.

A

alpha, beta

31
Q

Why are anti-muscarinic drugs contraindicated in patients with narrow angle glaucoma?

A

Anti-muscarinic drugs relax eye muscles (pupil dilation) and decrease the angle of the duct that drains the aqueous humor and that is bad.

32
Q

Alpha-2 blockers may be used to treat ________.

A

depression

Pharmacology Pt. 2 (7 decks)

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