Autonomic NS 3

Question 1

what are the 4 types of transmitters in the ANS?

And what does each one transmit?

Answer 1

• Adrenergic (noradrenaline)
• Cholinergic (Ach
• Purinergic (ATP bcas atp is a purine nucleotide)
• Nitrergic (nitric oxide)

Question 2

when released,3 of the transmitters are stored in vesicles except for which?

Answer 2

-nitrergic (these are not stored- instead they are made on demand

Question 3

how is acetylcholine produced?

Answer 3

choline + acetylcoA WITH choline acetyltransferase (ChAT -an enzyme) = Acetylcholine

Question 4

production of noradrenaline begins with which amino acid?

Answer 4

tyrosine

Question 5

noradrenaline production: tyrosine —-> L-DOPA requires which enzyme?

Answer 5

tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 6

noradrenaline production: L-DOPA to Dopamine requires which enzyme?

Answer 6

dopa decarboxylase (the CNS)

Question 7

noradrenaline production: dopamine to noradrenaline requires which enzyme?

Answer 7

dopamine beta-hydroxylase

Question 8

noradrenaline production: noradrenaline to adrenaline requires which enzyme?

Answer 8

N- methyl transferase

Question 9

where is the enzyme N methyl transferase involved in forming adrenalin from noradrenalin found?

Answer 9

found in the adrenal glands NOT neurons

Question 10

is adrenaline considered a neurotransmitter?

Answer 10

No it is only produced from the adrenal gland

Question 11

which two enzymes involved in noradrenaline production is used to identify stage of its production?

Answer 11

• tyrosine hydroxylase (bcas it is a rate limiting enzyme)

- dopamine beta hydroxylase (confirms the presence of noradrenaline)

Question 12

what is the other name of noradrenaline

Answer 12

catecholamine

Question 13

paraformaldehyde condenses the Noradrenaline to produce what ?

Answer 13

isoquinoline (double ring) which is highly fluorescent when UV light is exposed to it- used to locate NA

Question 14

what are the steps that form nitric oxide?

and which enzyme catalyses both steps?

Answer 14

arginine —-> hydroxyarginine —-> citrulline + nitric oxide

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyses these steps

Question 15

locating VNUT transporter can help to identify ATP production…. what does VNUT found with tyrosine hydroxylase prove?

Answer 15

vesicle nucleotide transporter with TH shows that the transmitters ATP and noradrenaline are co-released

Question 16

which drug is clinically used to prevent release of Ach?

Answer 16

Botulinum Toxin (Botox)

Question 17

How does Botulinum toxin inhibit Ach?

Answer 17

by preventing vesicular release of Ach

Question 18

which two drugs are clinically used to inhibit Noradrenaline?
How does each one inhibit NA release?

Answer 18

Bretylium - prevents vesicular release of NA used mostly in acute medicine in ICU to prevent Ventricular Fibrillation
Resperpine- inhibits vesicle monoamine transporter (VMAT) in the cell membrane —- also used in CNS therapy inc. Huntington’s Disease