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Pharmacology N929 > Autonomic Nervous System Review > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Review Flashcards

1
Q

2 main neurotransmitters of autonomic nervous system

A

Ach, NE

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2
Q

type of autonomic innervation: adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic only

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3
Q

type of autonomic innervation: most sweat glands

A

sympathetic only

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4
Q

type of autonomic innervation: blood vessels

A

although they do have cholinergic receptors on endothelium of BV, but only innervated by SNS

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5
Q

dominant basal tone: cardiac

A

parasympathetic

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6
Q

dominant basal tone: bronchial smooth muscle

A

parasympathetic

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7
Q

dominant basal tone: GI tract

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

dominant basal tone: urinary tract

A

parasympathetic

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9
Q

dominant basal tone: salivary glands

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

dominant basal tone: most sweat glands

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

dominant basal tone: arterioles/veins

A

sympathetic

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12
Q

how many ganglion in somatic nervous system

A

1

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13
Q

postganglionic receptor and neurotransmitter in PSNS

A

Ach, mAchR (cholinergic)

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14
Q

postganglionic receptor and neurotransmitter in SNS

A

NE, adrenergic receptors (alpha, beta)

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15
Q

postganglionic receptor and neurotransmitter in sweat glands

A

Ach, mAchR (cholinergic) (even though its a part of the SNS)

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16
Q

postsynaptic neurotransmitters in adrenal medulla

A

80% epi, 20% NE

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17
Q

adrenal medulla innervation, number of neurons, type of postsynaptic cells, neurotransmitters

A

sympathetic innervation, only 1 neuron, postsynaptic neuroendocrine cells, secrete epi/norepi into blood, mimics sympathetic stimulation

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18
Q

anatomical origin of SNS

A

T1-T12, L1-L5

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19
Q

anatomical origin of PSNS

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (90% vagus nerve), S2-S4

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20
Q

location of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic chain of paravertebral column

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21
Q

location of PSNS ganglia

A

target organ

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22
Q

receptor on postganglionic neuron of SNS and PSNS

A

nAchR

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23
Q

receptor on target tissue of SNS and exceptions

A

adrenergic, sweat glands, adrenal medulla

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24
Q

receptor on target tissue of PSNS

A

mAchR

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25
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage in vesicles
  3. release r/t AP (vesicles fuse with nerve terminal)
  4. action at receiving tissue
  5. termination (reuptake via transporter, enzyme degradation, diffusion)
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26
Q

steps of cholinergic neurotransmission

A
  1. synthesis from choline, acetyl-CoA
  2. storage in vesicles
  3. action potential triggers Ca++ entry, Ca++ interacts with SNARE protein on vescicle –>fusion of vesicle and opening –> release of Ach
  4. binding to receptor
  5. termination of action. primary mechanism: enzyme degradation via AchE
  6. recycle choline via reuptake
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27
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

fast response, binds and channels open so ions can pass through ex) nAchR and GABA

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28
Q

GPCR

A

connected to g protein, most common receptor that drugs act on

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29
Q

transmembrane with linked enzymatic domain

A

when drug binds, enzyme activates ex) oncology medications

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30
Q

intracellular receptor

A

receptor either in cytosol or nucleus, drug has to be lipophilic. effects transcription and increases or decreases amount of protein synthesis ex)cortisol, sex hormones

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31
Q

muscarinic cholinergic receptor specs

A
  • it is a GPCR
  • there are 5 subtypes with 2 subgroups
  • diverse cellular responses, not very selective
  • autonomic effector tissues: heart, endothelium, smooth muscle, glands, CNS
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32
Q

nicotinic cholinergic receptor specs

A
  • ligand gated ion channel (Na/K)
  • 2 major subtypes: NicN, NicM
  • location: autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscle innervated by somatic nerves, CNS
  • Ach binds, conformational change, channel opens and positively charged ions pull through channel
  • depol of postsynaptic cells
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33
Q

where are M1 receptors

A

CNS

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34
Q

where are M2 receptors

A

heart

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35
Q

where are M3 receptors

A

smooth muscle, glands, endothelium, eye (circular, ciliary muscle)

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36
Q

where are M4 receptors

A

CNS

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37
Q

where are M5 receptors

38
Q

where are NicN receptors

A

ANS ganglia, adrenal medulla, CNS

39
Q

where are NicM receptors

A

skeletal NMJ

40
Q

characteristics of cholinergic receptors

A
  • selective distribution
  • receptor type: muscarinic (GPCR),
  • nicotinic (Nic) (ligand gated ion channel)
41
Q

muscarinic ligands

A

Ach, muscarine

42
Q

nicotinic ligands

A

Ach, nicotine

43
Q

acetylcholine neurotransmitter sites

A

NMJ, autonomic ganglia, at effector junction of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, CNS

44
Q

stages of adrenergic neurotransmission

A
  1. synthesis of NE (catecholamines) from amino acid tyrosine
  2. uptake/storage of vesicles
  3. release with action potential
  4. receptor binding
  5. termination of action- reuptake via NE transporter. also, enzymatic metabolism, especially via MAO in neurotransmitter terminal. important drug target)
45
Q

alpha adrenergic receptor specs
type of receptor
ligands
subtypes

A
  • GPCR
  • ligands: NE, epi, DA
  • 2 subtypes of a1 and a2
46
Q

way a1 receptor works

A

excitatory. increased calcium activated calmodulin. increases actin-myosin interaction. smooth muscle contraction occurs

47
Q

way a2 receptor works

A

inhibitory. decreased cAMP production. decreased NE release

48
Q 
beta adrenergic receptor specs
subtypes
type of receptor
activation pathway
autonomic effector tissues
A
  • B1, B2, B3
  • GPCR
  • activation of adenyl cyclase, increased cAMP production, increased kinase activation or phosphorylation.
  • autonomic effector tissues. heart, kidney, liver, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, fat cells.
49
Q

how to terminate action of NE

A

reuptake back into presynaptic neuron, diffusion, metabolism (minor role)

50
Q

noradrenegic receptors

A
  • GPCR
  • negative feedback limits response
  • alpha 1
  • alpha 2
  • beta 1, beta 2, beta 3
51
Q

dopamine catecholamine specs

A

precursor of norepinephrine, epi, at effector junction. sympathetic, renal vascular smooth muscle

52
Q

dopamine termination of action

A

neuronal reuptake by DA transporter, MAO brerakdown

53
Q

dopamine receptors action via GPCR

A

cAMP is second messenger. D1 class (D1, D5) increases cAMP. D2 class (D2, D3, D4) decreases cAMP production.

54
Q

low, intermediate, and high dose dopamine

A 
low dose- vasodilation (D1)
intermediate dose (and inotrope) B1
high dose-vasoconstriction (a1)
55
Q

other neurotransmitters in autonomic, enteric, and NANC neurons

A 
NO
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
calcitonin gene related peptide (GCRP)
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
substance P
serotonin
others
56
Q

ANS stimulation of SA node

A

SNS increases heart rate via B1 receptor

PSNS decreases heart rate via M2 receptor

57
Q

ANS stimulation of contractility

A

SNS increases contractility of B1

PSNS decreases contractility via M2

58
Q

ANS stimulation of bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

SNS dilates via B2

PSNS constricts via M3

59
Q

ANS stimulation of kidney

A

SNS induces renin release via B1

60
Q

ANS stimulation of liver

A

SNS stimulated glucagon release via B2

61
Q

ANS stimulation of vascular smooth muscle: skin, splanchnic

A

SNS constricts via A1

62
Q

ANS stimulation of skeletal muscle

A

SNS vasodilator via B2

63
Q

ANS stimulation of GI walls

A

SNS relaxes via B2

PSNS contracts via M3

64
Q

ANS stimulation of GI sphincters

A

SNS contracts via A1

PSNS dilates via M3

65
Q

ANS stimulations of GI secretions

A

PSNS increases secretions via M3

66
Q

ANS stimulation of urinary bladder wall

A

SNS relaxes via B2

PSNS contracts via M3

67
Q

ANS stimulation of urinary bladder sphincter

A

SNS contracts via A1

PSNS relaxes via M3

68
Q

ANS stimulation of uterine smooth muscle

A

SNS relaxes via B2

PSNS super minor contraction via M3

69
Q

ANS stimulation of reproductive system

A

SNS incites ejaculation via A1

PSNS erection via M3

70
Q

ANS stimulation of adrenal medulla

A

SNS release of NE and Epi via nicotinic receptor

71
Q

ANS stimulation via pilomotor smooth muscle

A

SNS contracts via A1

72
Q

ANS stimulation via sweat glands- thermoregulatory

A

SNS increases sweat via muscarinic receptor

73
Q

ANS stimulation via sweat glands (apocrine/stress)

A

SNS increases sweat via a1 receptor

74
Q

ANS stimulation via fat cells

A

SNS lipolysis via B3

75
Q

eNOS

A

endothelial nitric oxide synthase; enzyme that makes nitric oxide from L-arginine

76
Q

PDE5

A

phosphpdiesterase 5; the enzyme that breaks down he 2nd messenger (cGMP)

77
Q

iris effects, SNS, PSNS

A

pupillary control, SNS a1 mydriasis, PSNS M3 miosis

78
Q

ciliary muscle effects, SNS, PSNS

A

focuses lens
SNS: none
PSNS: accommodate near vision (M3), increase outflow of aqueous humor

79
Q

ciliary body effects, SNS, PSNS

A

aqueous humor production

SNS increase secretion of aqueous humor via epithelium (B1)

80
Q

aqueous humor effects, PSNS, SNS

A

intraocular pressure
increases IOP SNS
decreases IOP PSNS

81
Q

adrenergic

A

describes neurons or receptors that use NE, or drugs that mimic sympathetic nerve stimulation

82
Q

alpha adrenergic terminology

A

adrenergic receptor activated by NT NE

83
Q

beta adrenergic terminology

A

adrenergic receptor activated by NT NE

84
Q

catecholamine terminology

A

molecule class that contains a catechol and amine group. includes NE, epi, dopa

85
Q

cholinergic terminology

A

describes neurons receptors that use Ach, orr drugs that mimic PSNS nerve stimulation

86
Q

epinephrine terminology

A

adrenalin, produced in adrenal medulla, also NT in CNS

87
Q

muscarinic receptor terminology

A

cholinergic receptor of PSNS, name derived from muscarine, a natural receptor agonist substance from mushrooms

88
Q

nicotinic receptor terminology

A

cholinergic receptor, deprived from nicotine, a natural receptor agonist, 2 distinct types in periphery. NMJ and autonomic ganglia types

89
Q

NE terminology

A

noradrenalin; NT at sympathetic effector tissues in periphery, some produced in adrenal medulla, also NT in CNS

90
Q

preganglionic terrminology

A

situated before a ganglion

91
Q

postganglionic terminology

A

situated after a ganglion

Pharmacology N929 (11 decks)

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