Autonomic Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous sytem of the PNS control?

A

Voluntary movement by stimulating skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous sytem (ANS) control?

A
  • Regulation of the functions of the visceral/internal organs
  • The ANS is involuntary
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6
Q

How are nerves in the somatic nervous system projected to the skeletal muscle?

A

Nerves project directly form the CNS to the skeletal muscle

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7
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system reach its target?

A
  • Uses a two-neuron chain from the CNS to the effector site
  • Preganglionic neuron synapses an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS and this post-ganglionic neuron innervates the effector site
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8
Q

Genneral effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Decreased digestion
  • “Fight or flight”
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9
Q

General effects of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • Decrease heart rate
  • Decrease blood pressure
  • Increase digestion
  • “Rest and digest”
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10
Q

What type of receptors does Acetylcholine (ACh) bind to?

A
  • Cholinergic receptors; 2 types:
    • Nicotinic
    • Muscarinic
      • Different muscarinic subtypes: M1 to M5
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11
Q

What type of receptor does Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) bind to?

A
  • Adrenergic receptors; 2 types:
    • Alpha
      • subtypes: alpha 1 and alpha 2
    • Beta
      • subtypes: beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3
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12
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

How is it controlled?

A
  • Independent part of the autonomous nervous system that controls GI function and secretions
  • Sympathetic stimulation decreases its activity
  • Parasympathetic stimulation increases its activity
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13
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic nerves originate?

What is their length?

A
  • Originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L2/3)
  • Short length
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14
Q

How do sympathetic preganglionic nerves travel?

Where do they synapse?

A
  • They travel via the white rami
  • They synapse in paravertebral (sympathetic chain close to the spinal cord) ganglia or in prevertebral ganglia
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15
Q

How do postganglionic sympathetic nerves leave the paravertebral ganglia?

What length are they?

A
  • They leave the paravertebral ganglia via grey rami
  • They are long in length
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16
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate?

What length are they?

A
  • They originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral division)
    • Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
    • S2-S4
  • They are long in length
17
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

What length are the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves?

A
  • They are located close to the effector site
  • The postganglionic parasympathetic nerves are short
18
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptors are used at both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic synaptic sites?

A
  • ACh acts on Nicotinic receptors for both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
19
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves release ____ which acts on ____ receptors

A

Pastganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine which acts on adrenergic receptors

Note, adrenergic receptors have 5 subtypes:

a1, a2, b1, b2, b3

20
Q

What are adrenergic receptors coupled to?

Specifically, what is coupled with the following?

a1

a2

and B(1-3)

A

Specific G-proteins

a1 –> Gq

a2 –> Gi

B –> Gs

21
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic nerves release ____

What are the exceptions to this?

A

Most sympathetic postganglionic nerves release norepinephrine

Except the sympathetic postganglionic nerves that innervate:

  • Sweat glands which release acetylcholine
  • Renal vascular smooth muscle which releases dopamine
  • Adrenal glands and releases acetylcholine which causes the adrenal glands to release epinephrine into the bloodstream
    • Note: epinephrine acts as a hormomon when released into the blood and not a neurotransmitter
22
Q

The adrenal medulla is a modified ____ ____, releasing ____ and ____ into the blood response to pregangionic sympathetic stimulation that uses cholinergic transission

A

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood response to pregangionic sympathetic stimulation that uses cholinergic transission

23
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ____ which stimulates ____ receptors

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ACh which stimulates muscarinic receptors

Note: muscarinic receptors have 5 subtypes

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

24
Q

Muscarinic receptors are coupled to specific ____

What subtype matches to each ____?

A

Muscarinic receptors are coupled to specific G-proteins

M1, M3, M5 –> Gq

M1 –> Gs

M2, M4 –> Gi

25
What does it mean that the sympathetic and parasympathetic ssystems allow reciprocal regulation of function of many organs?
They allow opposite regulation
26
Describe the differences between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System for the following: Sensory Inputs Efferent Pathways (number of neurons) Axons (myelinated vs unmyelinated) Effector Sites Resonpe to Stimulation (Excitatory/Inhibitory and Volunatary) Neurotransmitter Main Functions
27
What neurotransmitter is realeased at the ganglia for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
ACh
28
What is the pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic nerve ratio for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic 1:10 (many post per pre-ganglionic nerves) Parasympathetic 1:2 (few post per pre-ganglionic nerves)
29
Autonomic Nervous System Picture Ganglion and Effector Site Neurotransmitters for: Somatic Nervous Sytem Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System (minus the exceptions)
30
In general, sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are ____ and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are \_\_\_\_
In general, sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are _short_ and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are _long_
31
In general, parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are ____ and parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are \_\_\_\_
In general, parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are _long_ and parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are _short_
32
Somatic vs Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Ganglionic NT Ganglionic Receptor Post-Ganlionic NT Target Organ Receptor
33
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic effects on organs General info (understand the basic ideas)
Of note: both increase salivary glands --\> Dry mouth when nervous is actually caused by decreased parasympathetic
34
Alpha and Beta Receptor General Effect a1 a2 b1 b2 b3
35
Effects of the following receptors: M1 M2 M3 Note there is also M4 and M5 but these will be covered elsewhere
36
a1-receptors, b-receptors, and a 2 receptors G-Protein Second Messenger Target
37
(M1,M3,M5), (M1), and (M2, M4) G-Protein Second Messenger Target
38
Enteric Nervous System with relation to: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic synapse and effect on ENS activity
39
Control of ANS function occurs by higher ____ centers and by local \_\_\_\_
Control of ANS function occurs by higher _CNS_ centers and by local _reflexes_ Note: * Higher CNS centers: Hypothatlamus and brainstem (pons and medulla) control autonomic outflow * Local regulation by reflexes involes specific autonomic ganglia and the spinal cord (no CNS required)