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Block 1 - Week 6 > Autonomic Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous sytem of the PNS control?

A

Voluntary movement by stimulating skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous sytem (ANS) control?

A
  • Regulation of the functions of the visceral/internal organs
  • The ANS is involuntary
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6
Q

How are nerves in the somatic nervous system projected to the skeletal muscle?

A

Nerves project directly form the CNS to the skeletal muscle

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7
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system reach its target?

A
  • Uses a two-neuron chain from the CNS to the effector site
  • Preganglionic neuron synapses an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS and this post-ganglionic neuron innervates the effector site
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8
Q

Genneral effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Decreased digestion
  • “Fight or flight”
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9
Q

General effects of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • Decrease heart rate
  • Decrease blood pressure
  • Increase digestion
  • “Rest and digest”
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10
Q

What type of receptors does Acetylcholine (ACh) bind to?

A
  • Cholinergic receptors; 2 types:
    • Nicotinic
    • Muscarinic
      • Different muscarinic subtypes: M1 to M5
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11
Q

What type of receptor does Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) bind to?

A
  • Adrenergic receptors; 2 types:
    • Alpha
      • subtypes: alpha 1 and alpha 2
    • Beta
      • subtypes: beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3
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12
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

How is it controlled?

A
  • Independent part of the autonomous nervous system that controls GI function and secretions
  • Sympathetic stimulation decreases its activity
  • Parasympathetic stimulation increases its activity
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13
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic nerves originate?

What is their length?

A
  • Originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L2/3)
  • Short length
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14
Q

How do sympathetic preganglionic nerves travel?

Where do they synapse?

A
  • They travel via the white rami
  • They synapse in paravertebral (sympathetic chain close to the spinal cord) ganglia or in prevertebral ganglia
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15
Q

How do postganglionic sympathetic nerves leave the paravertebral ganglia?

What length are they?

A
  • They leave the paravertebral ganglia via grey rami
  • They are long in length
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16
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate?

What length are they?

A
  • They originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral division)
    • Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
    • S2-S4
  • They are long in length
17
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

What length are the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves?

A
  • They are located close to the effector site
  • The postganglionic parasympathetic nerves are short
18
Q

What neurotransmitter and receptors are used at both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic synaptic sites?

A
  • ACh acts on Nicotinic receptors for both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
19
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves release ____ which acts on ____ receptors

A

Pastganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine which acts on adrenergic receptors

Note, adrenergic receptors have 5 subtypes:

a1, a2, b1, b2, b3

20
Q

What are adrenergic receptors coupled to?

Specifically, what is coupled with the following?

a1

a2

and B(1-3)

A

Specific G-proteins

a1 –> Gq

a2 –> Gi

B –> Gs

21
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic nerves release ____

What are the exceptions to this?

A

Most sympathetic postganglionic nerves release norepinephrine

Except the sympathetic postganglionic nerves that innervate:

  • Sweat glands which release acetylcholine
  • Renal vascular smooth muscle which releases dopamine
  • Adrenal glands and releases acetylcholine which causes the adrenal glands to release epinephrine into the bloodstream
    • Note: epinephrine acts as a hormomon when released into the blood and not a neurotransmitter
22
Q

The adrenal medulla is a modified ____ ____, releasing ____ and ____ into the blood response to pregangionic sympathetic stimulation that uses cholinergic transission

A

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood response to pregangionic sympathetic stimulation that uses cholinergic transission

23
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ____ which stimulates ____ receptors

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ACh which stimulates muscarinic receptors

Note: muscarinic receptors have 5 subtypes

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

24
Q

Muscarinic receptors are coupled to specific ____

What subtype matches to each ____?

A

Muscarinic receptors are coupled to specific G-proteins

M1, M3, M5 –> Gq

M1 –> Gs

M2, M4 –> Gi

25
Q

What does it mean that the sympathetic and parasympathetic ssystems allow reciprocal regulation of function of many organs?

A

They allow opposite regulation

26
Q

Describe the differences between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System for the following:

Sensory Inputs

Efferent Pathways (number of neurons)

Axons (myelinated vs unmyelinated)

Effector Sites

Resonpe to Stimulation (Excitatory/Inhibitory and Volunatary)

Neurotransmitter

Main Functions

A
27
Q

What neurotransmitter is realeased at the ganglia for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

ACh

28
Q

What is the pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic nerve ratio for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic 1:10 (many post per pre-ganglionic nerves)

Parasympathetic 1:2 (few post per pre-ganglionic nerves)

29
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Picture

Ganglion and Effector Site Neurotransmitters for:

Somatic Nervous Sytem

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System (minus the exceptions)

A
30
Q

In general, sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are ____ and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are ____

A

In general, sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are short and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are long

31
Q

In general, parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are ____ and parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are ____

A

In general, parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are long and parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are short

32
Q

Somatic vs Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

Ganglionic NT

Ganglionic Receptor

Post-Ganlionic NT

Target Organ Receptor

A
33
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic effects on organs

General info (understand the basic ideas)

A

Of note: both increase salivary glands –> Dry mouth when nervous is actually caused by decreased parasympathetic

34
Q

Alpha and Beta Receptor General Effect

a1

a2

b1

b2

b3

A
35
Q

Effects of the following receptors:

M1

M2

M3

Note there is also M4 and M5 but these will be covered elsewhere

A
36
Q

a1-receptors, b-receptors, and a 2 receptors

G-Protein

Second Messenger

Target

A
37
Q

(M1,M3,M5), (M1), and (M2, M4)

G-Protein

Second Messenger

Target

A
38
Q

Enteric Nervous System with relation to:

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic synapse and effect on ENS activity

A
39
Q

Control of ANS function occurs by higher ____ centers and by local ____

A

Control of ANS function occurs by higher CNS centers and by local reflexes

Note:

  • Higher CNS centers: Hypothatlamus and brainstem (pons and medulla) control autonomic outflow
  • Local regulation by reflexes involes specific autonomic ganglia and the spinal cord (no CNS required)

Block 1 - Week 6 (6 decks)

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