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Physiology 210 > Autonomic Nervous System Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of ANS

A
  1. maintains homeostasis
  2. flight or flight system
  3. rest and digest
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2
Q

ANS is part of the _____ neurons

A

efferent

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3
Q

Effector muscles of ANS

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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4
Q

3 division of ANS

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
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5
Q

How many cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
emerge from brain

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
mixed nerves - afferent and efferent

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7
Q

Sectors of spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

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8
Q

ANS organization

A

chain of two neurons that connect CNS and effector
linked by a synapse or ganglion (outside CNS)
excitatory and inhibitory

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9
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

cell body in CNS and extends to ganglia
first neuron
lightly myelinated

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10
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

cell body in ganglia and extends to target tissue
second neuron
unmyelinated

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters in ANS

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE)

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12
Q

PSNS neuron length

A

preganglionic neuron is long
postganglionic neuron is short
ganglia is close to target organ
more isolated

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13
Q

SNS neuron length

A

preganglionic neuron is short
postganglionic neuron is long
ganglia is close to spinal cord
branching and mass discharge

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14
Q

SNS spinal cord sections

A

thoracic (T1-T12) and lumbar (L1-L2)

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15
Q

PSNS spinal cord sections

A

cranial (III, VII, IX, X - vagus nerve) and sacral (S2-S4)

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16
Q

What root do SNS autonomic neurons leave

A

ventral

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16
Q

Collateral ganglia

A

second set of ganglia in SNS
in front of vertebral column
lie close to viscera (internal organs like abdominal and pelvic)

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16
Q

Sympathetic chain/trunk

A

chain of ganglia running parallel to spinal cord on each side

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16
Q

3 collateral ganglia

A

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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17
Q

3 pathways for SNS paraganglionic fiber

A
  1. synapse immediately with postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion at same level
  2. travel up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels
  3. pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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18
Q

Communicated rami

A

branches between spinal nerve and ganglia

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19
Q

White ramus communicans

A

branch that leads to ganglion from spinal nerve
myelinated preganglionic

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20
Q

Grey ramus communicans

A

branch that goes back into spinal nerve
unmyelinated postganglionic

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21
Q

SNS eyes

A

dilation of pupil
adjustment of far vision

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22
Q

SNS cardiovascular

A

increase heart rate
force of contraction

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23
Q

SNS blood vessels

A

constriction of smooth and cardiac
dilation of skeletal

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24
Q

SNS lungs

A

dilation of bronchioles
inhibition of mucus secretion

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25
Q

SNS digestive tract

A

decreased motility
inhibition of digestive secretions

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26
Q

SNS endocrine glands

A

stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla

27
Q

SNS exocrine glands - sweat and salivary glands

A

stimulation of secretion
stimulation of small volume of thick saliva

28
Q

SNS bladder

A

prevent voiding

29
Q

SNS genitals

A

males - emission
female - uterus contraction

30
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

inner part of adrenal gland on top of kidneys
innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
releases 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine into blood

31
Q

PSNS eyes

A

constriction of pupil
adjustment for near vision

32
Q

PSNS cardiovascular

A

decrease heart rate
decrease contraction force

33
Q

PSNS blood vessels

A

no innervation
dilation of penis and clitoris

34
Q

PSNS lungs

A

constriction of bronchioles
stimulation of mucus secretion

35
Q

PSNS digestive tract

A

increased motility
stimulation of digestive secretions

36
Q

PSNS endocrine glands

37
Q

PSNS exocrine glands - sweat and salivary

A

no effect
stimulation of large volumes of water enzyme rich saliva

38
Q

PSNS bladder

39
Q

PSNS genitals

40
Q

Dual autonomic innervation

A

most target tissues receive innervation from both SNS and PSNS
tone - background level of SNS and PSNS activity
when one system becomes active the other system turns down its activity
provides mroe control

41
Q

Exceptions to dual innervation

A

adrenal medulla, most blood vessel, and sweat glands only receive SNS

42
Q

Antagonistic effects of SNS and PSNS

A

opposite
SNS - GI tract down, heart rate up
PSNS - GI tract up, heart rate down

43
Q

Cooperative effects of SNS and PSNS

A

working together
salivary glands - both systems stimulate but SNS small amount of thick saliva and PSNS large amount of thin saliva
male reproductive - PSNS erection and SNS emission

44
Q

Cholinergic chemical transmitter

A

releases acetylcholine - ACh

45
Q

Adrenergic chemical transmitter

A

releases norepinephrine - NE

46
Q

Preganglionic neurons release _____

A

ACh in SNS and PSNS

47
Q

Postganglionic neurons in PSNS release _____ to smooth cardiac gland muscles

48
Q

Postganglionic neurons in SNS release _____ to smooth cardiac gland muscles

49
Q

Postganglionic neurons in SNS release ____ to sweat glands, blood vessels, skeletal muscle

50
Q

Postganglionic neurons in SNS release ____ to smooth, cardiac gland muscles via bloodstream

51
Q

Cholinergic nerve terminal

A

preganglionic fibers in SNS and PSNS
acetyl-CoA and choline with enzyme choline acetyltransferase produces ACh
ACh is packages into vesicle at nerve terminal
increased Ca+ moves vesicle to membrane and releases ACh
enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh into choline and acetate
choline is recycles back into terminal

52
Q

Acetyltransferase

A

acetyl-CoA + choline = ACh

53
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

ACh = choline + acetate

54
Q

Varicosity

A

numerous swellings in postganglionic axon branches that release neurotransmitters along length of axon

55
Q

Events at adrenergic varicosity

A

tyrosine is taken up into varicosity
tyrosine –> dopa –> dopamine–> NE
NE is taken back up and not broken down

56
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

57
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

NM - somatic nervous system, skeletal muscle, bind ACh for muscle contraction
NN - autonomic nervous system, cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in SNS and PSNS, bind ACh from preganglionic endings
Ionotropic receptor - ligand-gated ion receptor
5 subunits and ACh binds to 2 alpha subunits to open pore

58
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

5 subtypes (M1-M5)
effector cell membranes or target tissues
Metabotropic receptor - G-protein signal transduction mechanism
7 transmembrane domains chained together

59
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

bind NE or E
2 types: alpha (2 subtypes) and beta (3 subtypes)
effector cell membranes or target tissues
Metabotropic receptor - G-protein signal transduction mechanism
7 transmembrane domains chained together

60
Q

ACh

A

released from PSNS postganglionic neurons
released from SNS innervating sweat glands, blood vessels, skeletal muscles
bind to muscarinic receptors found on target tissue

61
Q

NE

A

released from SNS postganglionic neurons
released from adrenal medulla
bind to adrenergic receptors found in target tissue

62
Q

Convergence

A

numerous preganglionic neurons synapse with single postganglionic neuron

63
Q

Divergence

A

small number of preganglionic neurons form synapses with large number of postganglionic neurons

64
Q

PSNS divergence

A

1 preganglionic neuron to 1-3 postganglionic neuron
more specific and localized response

65
Q

SNS divergence

A

1 preganglionic neuron to 1-20 postganglionic neuron
more diffuse response

66
Q

ANS reflexes - spinal cord

A

sacral region - urination, defecation, erection

67
Q

ANS reflexes - brainstem / medulla oblongata

A

blood pressure regulation, salivation, swallowing, vomiting, respiration

68
Q

ANS reflexes - hypothalamus

A

regulates temperature, sending messages down spinal cord

Physiology 210 (12 decks)

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