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Pharmacology > Autonomic Nervous System Module 2 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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2
Q

what does autonomous mean

A

non conscious control
involuntary

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3
Q

the autonomic nervous system innervates what

A

smooth muscles, heart, lungs and glands both exocrine and adrenal

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4
Q

what is the structure of the neurons in parasympathetic nervous system

A

preganglionic and post ganglionic are in a 1 to 1 synaptic ratio release acetylcholine

long axon of preganglionic that release acetylcholine onto nicotine receptor and a short axon of postganglionic near the target organ that releases acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors providing precise control

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5
Q

in the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter at effector organs is what

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system mediated by what receptors

A

nicotinic on postganglionic
muscarinic on target organ

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7
Q

what is the structure of neurons in the sympathetic nervous

A

short preganglionic neuron that releases acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptor on long post ganglionic neuron that releases norepinephrine onto alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

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8
Q

glandular secretions are controlled by cholinergic (Ach) neurotransmission via

A

muscarinic receptor

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9
Q

during exercise or stress adrenal glands release what into blood

A

catecholamine such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

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10
Q

the release of catecholaimines from adrenal glands is meidated by what

A

a preganglionic neruon that directyl releases ach onto nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medula.

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11
Q

all preganglionic neurons of the ANS release what

A

acetylcholine
including those innervating the adrenal gland

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12
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic receptors for ach

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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13
Q

all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release what

A

ach
includes preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating adrenal medulla

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14
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in adrenergic neurotransmission

A

norepinephine released from postganglionic neurons

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15
Q

what are the receptors in adrenergic neurotransmission

A

alpha 1 and 2
beta 1 and 2
norepi binds to either alpha or beta
epi can stimulate when released from adrenal medulla

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16
Q

alpha and beta receptors are activated by what

A

catecholamines
norepi
epi

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17
Q

both epi and norepi stimulat what

A

alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors

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18
Q

synthesis of catecholamines starts with what

A

tyrosine

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19
Q

the release of epinephine from the adrenal medulla is considered what for the sympathetic nervous system

A

atypical sympatetic pathways

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20
Q

the release of epi from the adrenal gland is mediated through what

A

the nicotinic receptor

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21
Q

in the heart, what do catecholamines do/cause
sympathetic nervous system

A

increase reate and force by contraction by binding to beta 1 adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

in the heart, the release and binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor leads to what

A

decrease in heart rate via muscarinic receptor

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23
Q

in the vasuclature, catecholalines cause what

A

cause constriction of vascualr smooth msucle through the alpha 1 recetpors
increasing vascular resistance

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24
Q

epinephinr causes waht in teh skeletal muscle

A

vasodialation of skeletal muscle beds via beta 2 receptors

due to epi release not direct sympathetic activation

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25
Q

in the lungs what does sympathetic stimulation do

A

epinephrine relaxes smooth bronchial muscles by binding to beta 2 receptors

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26
Q

in the lungs what does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

contracts bronchial smooth muscles
stimualte glandular secretion via muscarinic receptors

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27
Q

in the gi tract what does sympathetic stimualtion cause

A

decrease gi motility, secretion and activity

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28
Q

in the gi tract what does parasympathetic stimulation cause

A

contract smooth muscle wall increassing gi motility and tone
relax sphincters
muscarinic receptors

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29
Q

in the urinary tract sympathetic stimuiation does what

A

contracts sphincter via alpha 1 receptor
relax detrusor muscle of bladder via beta receptor

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30
Q

in the urinary tract, parasympathtic stimulation does what

A

contact detrusor muscle causing uringation via muscrainic receptor

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31
Q

in the genital tract, sympathetic stimulation in male causes what

A

ejaculation
contraction of prostate smooth muscle via the alpha 1 receptor

32
Q

in the genital tract, parasympathetic stimulation in males causes what

A

erection
muscarinic

33
Q

in the exocrine glands, sympathetic stimulatin causses waht

A

increased sweating (cholinergic fibers)
atypical muscarinic
post ganglionic release ach which binds to muscariinc receptor

34
Q

in the exocrine glands, parasympathetic stimulation causes what

A

increase in exocirn gland secretion
muscarinic
ach binds
gastric and salivary glands

35
Q

in the eye parasympathetic stimulation does what

A

contraction of sphincor muscle causing miosis (pupil constriction)
consteiction of ciliary muscle to do accomodation for near vision
via muscarinic receptor

35
Q

in the eye sympathetic stimulatin does what

A

contraction of dialator muscle causing mydriasis (dilate pupil allowing for more light to enter eye
via alpha 1 receptor

also controlls production fo aqueous humor
beta increases
alpha 2 decreases

35
Q

metablism is affected how by sympathetic simulation

A

liver does gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (stimulation of)
lipolysis
regular insulin secretion
regular renin release
via beta receptor

36
Q

in cholinergic neurotransmission, acetyl choline degradation is done by what

A

acetylcholinesterase (ache)

37
Q

what is released into the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle that binds to waht kind of receptor

A

nicotinic receptors of muscle fibers
ach binds
ligand gated channels

38
Q

when acetylcholine is inhibited what happens

A

this will prolong the action of ach

39
Q

what is a drug that modifies the release of ach

A

botox neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)

40
Q

what does botox do

A

inhibits ach release
gets into the presynaptic termal and acts to degrade the proteins involved in the docking of the ach vessicels

41
Q

what are some uses of botox

A

blepharospam
cosmetics
chronic pain

42
Q

where is ache found

A

found in synaptic and neuromuscular junctions
at autonomia ganglia

43
Q

where is peudocholinesterase found

A

plasma, liver, drug metabolism
important in metabolizing drugs such as succylcholine

44
Q

the addition of muscarinic cholinergic agonist will do what

A

will mimic the activation of the parasympathetic system (ex contraction of gi muscle and bladder) icnrease sweating, decrease heart rate

45
Q

muscarinic agnoists mimic activation of parasymp how

A

inibit adenyly cyclase decraseing cellular camp at GPCRs

46
Q

where are nicotinic receptors located

A

striated muscles (nmj)
autonomic ganglia
adrenal mediula
cns

47
Q

nicotinic cholinergic receptors are what

A

ligand gated channels that increase na/k permiability
depolarizing end plate potential
eep triggers action potential and skeleal muscle contraction

48
Q

muscarinic agnoists include what

A

bethanechol, ppilocarpine, acetylcholine

49
Q

what are characteristics of bethanechol

A

structure similar to ach
resistance to hydroylsys by ache so longer diraction of action
cotracts smooth muscle of gi tract and bladder
no nicotinic effects
selective muscarinic agnoist
no nicotinc binding

50
Q

what is the therapeudic effect of bethanechol

A

increaes tone and motility of urinary bladder
treatmetn of urinary rentetion or inadequate bladder emptying
hypotonic baldder

51
Q

what are characteristics of pilocarpine

A

alkaloid structure not metabolized by ache
simulates alvicay secretions
cns permialbility

52
Q

what is therapeutic use of pilocarpine

A

xerostomia (dry mouth)
sjogens syndrome

53
Q

what are muscarinic side effects of pilocarpine

A

exxcessive chilinergic effects

54
Q

how can excessive cholinergic effects be treated

A

withmuscarinic antagonist atropine

55
Q

what do acetylcholine esterase inhibitors do

A

increase ach levels a tsynaptic junctions and prolong its effect
strongly activate parasymp system

56
Q

what are reversible achei

A

edrophonium

57
Q

what are slowly reversible, carbamates of achei

A

neostigmine (no bbb)
physosigmine (cross bbb)
donepezil (cross bbb) alzehimers

58
Q

what are the irreversable achei

A

echothiophate
parathion (incsecticide)
malathion (insecticies)
nerve gas (sarin)

all cross bbb

59
Q

what are the parasympathtic effects of achei at the eye

A

miosis
decrease intraocular pressure

60
Q

what are parasympathetic effects of achei at the gi and urinary

A

increase tone and moltility

61
Q

achei effects on glands

A

increase secretion

62
Q

achei effects on sweat gland activity

A

increase

63
Q

overstimularion fo teh nicotinic receptor will put the msucel into a state of what

A

contractile paralysis called depolarization block

64
Q

what happens in depolarization block

A

the receptors lock into their depolarized state and cannot respond to any more ach
paraylsis of skeletal msucle

65
Q

what is glaucoma

A

characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure leading to blindness

66
Q

in glaucoma, what does a cholinesterase inhibitor do

A

increases ach which contracts the cilluiary muscle
freeds enterance in canale of schlemm
increases outlfow of aqueous humor

67
Q

what kind of achei is used in open angle glaucoma

A

ecothiophate to increase ach level in eye contracting cilliary muscle that then increases outflow of humor through canal of schelmenn
reducing intraocular pressure

68
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

weakness and fatigability of skeletal msucle
autoimmune disease
decreases number of functional nicotinc receptors at the nmj

69
Q

what is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

A

edrophonium

70
Q

what is used in treatment of myasthenia gravis

A

neostigmine

71
Q

giving what can block signs of toxicity from cholinesterase inhibitor

A

muscarininc antagonist atropine

72
Q

how does neostigmine help myasthenta gravis

A

increase ach and pt will experiences an improvment in msucle strength

73
Q

what are muscarinic signs of toxicology from achei

A

SLUDGE BAM
salivation, sweating
lacrimation
urination
defication (diarrhea)
gastrointestinal cramps
emesis
bronchocontriction, bradycardia
accomodation spasms
muscle fasicualtion

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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