Autonomic Nervous System Module 2 Flashcards
what are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic
what does autonomous mean
non conscious control
involuntary
the autonomic nervous system innervates what
smooth muscles, heart, lungs and glands both exocrine and adrenal
what is the structure of the neurons in parasympathetic nervous system
preganglionic and post ganglionic are in a 1 to 1 synaptic ratio release acetylcholine
long axon of preganglionic that release acetylcholine onto nicotine receptor and a short axon of postganglionic near the target organ that releases acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors providing precise control
in the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter at effector organs is what
acetylcholine
effects of parasympathetic nervous system mediated by what receptors
nicotinic on postganglionic
muscarinic on target organ
what is the structure of neurons in the sympathetic nervous
short preganglionic neuron that releases acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptor on long post ganglionic neuron that releases norepinephrine onto alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
glandular secretions are controlled by cholinergic (Ach) neurotransmission via
muscarinic receptor
during exercise or stress adrenal glands release what into blood
catecholamine such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
the release of catecholaimines from adrenal glands is meidated by what
a preganglionic neruon that directyl releases ach onto nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medula.
all preganglionic neurons of the ANS release what
acetylcholine
including those innervating the adrenal gland
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors for ach
nicotinic and muscarinic
all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release what
ach
includes preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating adrenal medulla
what is the neurotransmitter in adrenergic neurotransmission
norepinephine released from postganglionic neurons
what are the receptors in adrenergic neurotransmission
alpha 1 and 2
beta 1 and 2
norepi binds to either alpha or beta
epi can stimulate when released from adrenal medulla
alpha and beta receptors are activated by what
catecholamines
norepi
epi
both epi and norepi stimulat what
alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors
synthesis of catecholamines starts with what
tyrosine
the release of epinephine from the adrenal medulla is considered what for the sympathetic nervous system
atypical sympatetic pathways
the release of epi from the adrenal gland is mediated through what
the nicotinic receptor
in the heart, what do catecholamines do/cause
sympathetic nervous system
increase reate and force by contraction by binding to beta 1 adrenergic receptors
in the heart, the release and binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor leads to what
decrease in heart rate via muscarinic receptor
in the vasuclature, catecholalines cause what
cause constriction of vascualr smooth msucle through the alpha 1 recetpors
increasing vascular resistance
epinephinr causes waht in teh skeletal muscle
vasodialation of skeletal muscle beds via beta 2 receptors
due to epi release not direct sympathetic activation
in the lungs what does sympathetic stimulation do
epinephrine relaxes smooth bronchial muscles by binding to beta 2 receptors
in the lungs what does parasympathetic stimulation do
contracts bronchial smooth muscles
stimualte glandular secretion via muscarinic receptors
in the gi tract what does sympathetic stimualtion cause
decrease gi motility, secretion and activity
in the gi tract what does parasympathetic stimulation cause
contract smooth muscle wall increassing gi motility and tone
relax sphincters
muscarinic receptors
in the urinary tract sympathetic stimuiation does what
contracts sphincter via alpha 1 receptor
relax detrusor muscle of bladder via beta receptor
in the urinary tract, parasympathtic stimulation does what
contact detrusor muscle causing uringation via muscrainic receptor
in the genital tract, sympathetic stimulation in male causes what
ejaculation
contraction of prostate smooth muscle via the alpha 1 receptor
in the genital tract, parasympathetic stimulation in males causes what
erection
muscarinic
in the exocrine glands, sympathetic stimulatin causses waht
increased sweating (cholinergic fibers)
atypical muscarinic
post ganglionic release ach which binds to muscariinc receptor
in the exocrine glands, parasympathetic stimulation causes what
increase in exocirn gland secretion
muscarinic
ach binds
gastric and salivary glands
in the eye parasympathetic stimulation does what
contraction of sphincor muscle causing miosis (pupil constriction)
consteiction of ciliary muscle to do accomodation for near vision
via muscarinic receptor
in the eye sympathetic stimulatin does what
contraction of dialator muscle causing mydriasis (dilate pupil allowing for more light to enter eye
via alpha 1 receptor
also controlls production fo aqueous humor
beta increases
alpha 2 decreases
metablism is affected how by sympathetic simulation
liver does gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (stimulation of)
lipolysis
regular insulin secretion
regular renin release
via beta receptor
in cholinergic neurotransmission, acetyl choline degradation is done by what
acetylcholinesterase (ache)
what is released into the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle that binds to waht kind of receptor
nicotinic receptors of muscle fibers
ach binds
ligand gated channels
when acetylcholine is inhibited what happens
this will prolong the action of ach
what is a drug that modifies the release of ach
botox neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)
what does botox do
inhibits ach release
gets into the presynaptic termal and acts to degrade the proteins involved in the docking of the ach vessicels
what are some uses of botox
blepharospam
cosmetics
chronic pain
where is ache found
found in synaptic and neuromuscular junctions
at autonomia ganglia
where is peudocholinesterase found
plasma, liver, drug metabolism
important in metabolizing drugs such as succylcholine
the addition of muscarinic cholinergic agonist will do what
will mimic the activation of the parasympathetic system (ex contraction of gi muscle and bladder) icnrease sweating, decrease heart rate
muscarinic agnoists mimic activation of parasymp how
inibit adenyly cyclase decraseing cellular camp at GPCRs
where are nicotinic receptors located
striated muscles (nmj)
autonomic ganglia
adrenal mediula
cns
nicotinic cholinergic receptors are what
ligand gated channels that increase na/k permiability
depolarizing end plate potential
eep triggers action potential and skeleal muscle contraction
muscarinic agnoists include what
bethanechol, ppilocarpine, acetylcholine
what are characteristics of bethanechol
structure similar to ach
resistance to hydroylsys by ache so longer diraction of action
cotracts smooth muscle of gi tract and bladder
no nicotinic effects
selective muscarinic agnoist
no nicotinc binding
what is the therapeudic effect of bethanechol
increaes tone and motility of urinary bladder
treatmetn of urinary rentetion or inadequate bladder emptying
hypotonic baldder
what are characteristics of pilocarpine
alkaloid structure not metabolized by ache
simulates alvicay secretions
cns permialbility
what is therapeutic use of pilocarpine
xerostomia (dry mouth)
sjogens syndrome
what are muscarinic side effects of pilocarpine
exxcessive chilinergic effects
how can excessive cholinergic effects be treated
withmuscarinic antagonist atropine
what do acetylcholine esterase inhibitors do
increase ach levels a tsynaptic junctions and prolong its effect
strongly activate parasymp system
what are reversible achei
edrophonium
what are slowly reversible, carbamates of achei
neostigmine (no bbb)
physosigmine (cross bbb)
donepezil (cross bbb) alzehimers
what are the irreversable achei
echothiophate
parathion (incsecticide)
malathion (insecticies)
nerve gas (sarin)
all cross bbb
what are the parasympathtic effects of achei at the eye
miosis
decrease intraocular pressure
what are parasympathetic effects of achei at the gi and urinary
increase tone and moltility
achei effects on glands
increase secretion
achei effects on sweat gland activity
increase
overstimularion fo teh nicotinic receptor will put the msucel into a state of what
contractile paralysis called depolarization block
what happens in depolarization block
the receptors lock into their depolarized state and cannot respond to any more ach
paraylsis of skeletal msucle
what is glaucoma
characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure leading to blindness
in glaucoma, what does a cholinesterase inhibitor do
increases ach which contracts the cilluiary muscle
freeds enterance in canale of schlemm
increases outlfow of aqueous humor
what kind of achei is used in open angle glaucoma
ecothiophate to increase ach level in eye contracting cilliary muscle that then increases outflow of humor through canal of schelmenn
reducing intraocular pressure
what is myasthenia gravis
weakness and fatigability of skeletal msucle
autoimmune disease
decreases number of functional nicotinc receptors at the nmj
what is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
edrophonium
what is used in treatment of myasthenia gravis
neostigmine
giving what can block signs of toxicity from cholinesterase inhibitor
muscarininc antagonist atropine
how does neostigmine help myasthenta gravis
increase ach and pt will experiences an improvment in msucle strength
what are muscarinic signs of toxicology from achei
SLUDGE BAM
salivation, sweating
lacrimation
urination
defication (diarrhea)
gastrointestinal cramps
emesis
bronchocontriction, bradycardia
accomodation spasms
muscle fasicualtion
