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Pharmacology > Autonomic Nervous System Module 2 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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2
Q

what does autonomous mean

A

non conscious control
involuntary

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3
Q

the autonomic nervous system innervates what

A

smooth muscles, heart, lungs and glands both exocrine and adrenal

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4
Q

what is the structure of the neurons in parasympathetic nervous system

A

preganglionic and post ganglionic are in a 1 to 1 synaptic ratio release acetylcholine

long axon of preganglionic that release acetylcholine onto nicotine receptor and a short axon of postganglionic near the target organ that releases acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors providing precise control

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5
Q

in the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter at effector organs is what

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system mediated by what receptors

A

nicotinic on postganglionic
muscarinic on target organ

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7
Q

what is the structure of neurons in the sympathetic nervous

A

short preganglionic neuron that releases acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptor on long post ganglionic neuron that releases norepinephrine onto alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

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8
Q

glandular secretions are controlled by cholinergic (Ach) neurotransmission via

A

muscarinic receptor

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9
Q

during exercise or stress adrenal glands release what into blood

A

catecholamine such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

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10
Q

the release of catecholaimines from adrenal glands is meidated by what

A

a preganglionic neruon that directyl releases ach onto nicotinic receptors in the adrenal medula.

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11
Q

all preganglionic neurons of the ANS release what

A

acetylcholine
including those innervating the adrenal gland

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12
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic receptors for ach

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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13
Q

all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release what

A

ach
includes preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating adrenal medulla

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14
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in adrenergic neurotransmission

A

norepinephine released from postganglionic neurons

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15
Q

what are the receptors in adrenergic neurotransmission

A

alpha 1 and 2
beta 1 and 2
norepi binds to either alpha or beta
epi can stimulate when released from adrenal medulla

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16
Q

alpha and beta receptors are activated by what

A

catecholamines
norepi
epi

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17
Q

both epi and norepi stimulat what

A

alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors

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18
Q

synthesis of catecholamines starts with what

A

tyrosine

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19
Q

the release of epinephine from the adrenal medulla is considered what for the sympathetic nervous system

A

atypical sympatetic pathways

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20
Q

the release of epi from the adrenal gland is mediated through what

A

the nicotinic receptor

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21
Q

in the heart, what do catecholamines do/cause
sympathetic nervous system

A

increase reate and force by contraction by binding to beta 1 adrenergic receptors

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22
Q

in the heart, the release and binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor leads to what

A

decrease in heart rate via muscarinic receptor

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23
Q

in the vasuclature, catecholalines cause what

A

cause constriction of vascualr smooth msucle through the alpha 1 recetpors
increasing vascular resistance

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24
Q

epinephinr causes waht in teh skeletal muscle

A

vasodialation of skeletal muscle beds via beta 2 receptors

due to epi release not direct sympathetic activation

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25
in the lungs what does sympathetic stimulation do
epinephrine relaxes smooth bronchial muscles by binding to beta 2 receptors
26
in the lungs what does parasympathetic stimulation do
contracts bronchial smooth muscles stimualte glandular secretion via muscarinic receptors
27
in the gi tract what does sympathetic stimualtion cause
decrease gi motility, secretion and activity
28
in the gi tract what does parasympathetic stimulation cause
contract smooth muscle wall increassing gi motility and tone relax sphincters muscarinic receptors
29
in the urinary tract sympathetic stimuiation does what
contracts sphincter via alpha 1 receptor relax detrusor muscle of bladder via beta receptor
30
in the urinary tract, parasympathtic stimulation does what
contact detrusor muscle causing uringation via muscrainic receptor
31
in the genital tract, sympathetic stimulation in male causes what
ejaculation contraction of prostate smooth muscle via the alpha 1 receptor
32
in the genital tract, parasympathetic stimulation in males causes what
erection muscarinic
33
in the exocrine glands, sympathetic stimulatin causses waht
increased sweating (cholinergic fibers) atypical muscarinic post ganglionic release ach which binds to muscariinc receptor
34
in the exocrine glands, parasympathetic stimulation causes what
increase in exocirn gland secretion muscarinic ach binds gastric and salivary glands
35
in the eye parasympathetic stimulation does what
contraction of sphincor muscle causing miosis (pupil constriction) consteiction of ciliary muscle to do accomodation for near vision via muscarinic receptor
35
in the eye sympathetic stimulatin does what
contraction of dialator muscle causing mydriasis (dilate pupil allowing for more light to enter eye via alpha 1 receptor also controlls production fo aqueous humor beta increases alpha 2 decreases
35
metablism is affected how by sympathetic simulation
liver does gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (stimulation of) lipolysis regular insulin secretion regular renin release via beta receptor
36
in cholinergic neurotransmission, acetyl choline degradation is done by what
acetylcholinesterase (ache)
37
what is released into the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle that binds to waht kind of receptor
nicotinic receptors of muscle fibers ach binds ligand gated channels
38
when acetylcholine is inhibited what happens
this will prolong the action of ach
39
what is a drug that modifies the release of ach
botox neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)
40
what does botox do
inhibits ach release gets into the presynaptic termal and acts to degrade the proteins involved in the docking of the ach vessicels
41
what are some uses of botox
blepharospam cosmetics chronic pain
42
where is ache found
found in synaptic and neuromuscular junctions at autonomia ganglia
43
where is peudocholinesterase found
plasma, liver, drug metabolism important in metabolizing drugs such as succylcholine
44
the addition of muscarinic cholinergic agonist will do what
will mimic the activation of the parasympathetic system (ex contraction of gi muscle and bladder) icnrease sweating, decrease heart rate
45
muscarinic agnoists mimic activation of parasymp how
inibit adenyly cyclase decraseing cellular camp at GPCRs
46
where are nicotinic receptors located
striated muscles (nmj) autonomic ganglia adrenal mediula cns
47
nicotinic cholinergic receptors are what
ligand gated channels that increase na/k permiability depolarizing end plate potential eep triggers action potential and skeleal muscle contraction
48
muscarinic agnoists include what
bethanechol, ppilocarpine, acetylcholine
49
what are characteristics of bethanechol
structure similar to ach resistance to hydroylsys by ache so longer diraction of action cotracts smooth muscle of gi tract and bladder no nicotinic effects selective muscarinic agnoist no nicotinc binding
50
what is the therapeudic effect of bethanechol
increaes tone and motility of urinary bladder treatmetn of urinary rentetion or inadequate bladder emptying hypotonic baldder
51
what are characteristics of pilocarpine
alkaloid structure not metabolized by ache simulates alvicay secretions cns permialbility
52
what is therapeutic use of pilocarpine
xerostomia (dry mouth) sjogens syndrome
53
what are muscarinic side effects of pilocarpine
exxcessive chilinergic effects
54
how can excessive cholinergic effects be treated
withmuscarinic antagonist atropine
55
what do acetylcholine esterase inhibitors do
increase ach levels a tsynaptic junctions and prolong its effect strongly activate parasymp system
56
what are reversible achei
edrophonium
57
what are slowly reversible, carbamates of achei
neostigmine (no bbb) physosigmine (cross bbb) donepezil (cross bbb) alzehimers
58
what are the irreversable achei
echothiophate parathion (incsecticide) malathion (insecticies) nerve gas (sarin) all cross bbb
59
what are the parasympathtic effects of achei at the eye
miosis decrease intraocular pressure
60
what are parasympathetic effects of achei at the gi and urinary
increase tone and moltility
61
achei effects on glands
increase secretion
62
achei effects on sweat gland activity
increase
63
overstimularion fo teh nicotinic receptor will put the msucel into a state of what
contractile paralysis called depolarization block
64
what happens in depolarization block
the receptors lock into their depolarized state and cannot respond to any more ach paraylsis of skeletal msucle
65
what is glaucoma
characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure leading to blindness
66
in glaucoma, what does a cholinesterase inhibitor do
increases ach which contracts the cilluiary muscle freeds enterance in canale of schlemm increases outlfow of aqueous humor
67
what kind of achei is used in open angle glaucoma
ecothiophate to increase ach level in eye contracting cilliary muscle that then increases outflow of humor through canal of schelmenn reducing intraocular pressure
68
what is myasthenia gravis
weakness and fatigability of skeletal msucle autoimmune disease decreases number of functional nicotinc receptors at the nmj
69
what is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
edrophonium
70
what is used in treatment of myasthenia gravis
neostigmine
71
giving what can block signs of toxicity from cholinesterase inhibitor
muscarininc antagonist atropine
72
how does neostigmine help myasthenta gravis
increase ach and pt will experiences an improvment in msucle strength
73
what are muscarinic signs of toxicology from achei
SLUDGE BAM salivation, sweating lacrimation urination defication (diarrhea) gastrointestinal cramps emesis bronchocontriction, bradycardia accomodation spasms muscle fasicualtion

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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