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Biomedical Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain and spinal cord

- everything else is the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What two divisions is the peripheral nervous system split into?

A
  • afferent

- efferent

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3
Q

What is afferent?

A
  • action potentials that transmit information from the sensory receptors and visceral stimuli, INTO the CNS from the periphery
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4
Q

What is efferent?

A
  • action potentials heading away from the CNS to the periphery
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5
Q

What 2 divisions is efferent split into?

A
  • somatic nervous system

- autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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6
Q

What makes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) special?

A
  • it does not require conscious regulation
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7
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?

A
  • It is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • It regulates the activity of the internal organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands).
  • It is not directly affected by voluntary control but operates automatically (autonomic reflexes and central control).
  • A major function is homeostasis (maintenance of the internal environment under optimal conditions).
  • It is divided into sympathetic (‘fight or flight’)and parasympathetic (‘rest and digest’).
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8
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • dilates pupil
  • inhibits salivation
  • accelerates heart
  • facilitates breathing
  • inhibits digestion
  • stimulates release of glucose
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • relaxes bladder
  • inhibits sex organs
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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • constricts pupil
  • stimulates salivation
  • slows heart
  • constricts breathing
  • stimulates digestion
  • stimulates gallbladder
  • contracts bladder
  • stimulates sex organs
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10
Q

How does the ANS connect the CNS to the organs?

A
  • there are autonomic ganglion between them

- the neurons from the CNS to the ganglion are preganglion and those distal are postganglion.

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11
Q

Where are the sympathetic ganglia found?

A
  • usually located close to the CNS
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12
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found?

A
  • usually located close to the target organ, if not embedded
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13
Q

Are preganglionic fibres myelinated?

A

yes

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14
Q

Are postganglionic fibres myelinated

A

no

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15
Q

How many cell bodies do sympathetic preganglion axons innervate?

A
  • more than 20 cell bodies in the ganglia which affects many post ganglionic fibres
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16
Q

How many cell bodies do parasympathetic preganglion axons innervate?

A
  • a much smaller extent than sympathetic preganglion axons, less than 4 cell bodies
17
Q

Where are the paravertebral ganglia located?

A
  • They are sympathetic ganglia that are aligned in a row on each side of the spinal cord
18
Q

Where are the prevertebral ganglia located?

A
  • There are other sympathetic ganglia that are located further away
19
Q

What are the ANS neurotransmitters and where are they used?

A
  • In the sympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is used in the preganglionic neurones
  • In the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine is used in the postganglionic neurones
  • in the parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is used in the preganglionic and postganglionic neurones
20
Q

Where is the acetylcholine secreted?

A
  • ACh is secreted in the preganglionic neurons and recycled from its breakdown products in the synaptic bulb.
21
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors for ACh?

A
  • nicotinic

- muscarinic

22
Q

what are nicotinic receptors?

A

When ACh (or nicotine) binds, they open to allow ions to flow (usually Na+ in and K+ out with a net influx).

23
Q

What effect does nicotinic receptors have?

A

Ionotropic, which means that binding of the ligand to the channel directly alters the permeability of the channel.
often causes fast synaptic transmission and
often stimulatory.

24
Q

What are muscarinic ACh receptors?

A

When ACh (or muscarine) binds, they release G proteins, which begin a cascade of information.

25
Q

what effect does muscarinic ACh have?

A

Metabotropic, which means that binding of the ligand to the channel indirectly alters the permeability of ion channels.
There are several types
May be stimulatory or inhibitory

26
Q

What are the ACh steps?

A
  • Acetylcholine is made from choline and acetyl CoA
  • In the synaptic cleft ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
  • Choline is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more ACh
27
Q

What are adrenoreceptors?

A

when epinephrine or norepinephrine binds, they release G proteins, which begin a cascade of information

28
Q

What are adrenoreceptors

A

Shhsjansn

29
Q

What are the subtypes of adrenoreceptors?

A
  • alpha and beta, both are metabotropic

Biomedical Physiology (11 decks)

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