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Module 202 Theme 2 > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system used for?

A

Involuntary control:

  • Regulates operation of the internal organs
  • Maintains internal environment
  • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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2
Q

Describe the sympathetic system

A

Fight, flight, fright

Maximises use of metabolic resources

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3
Q

Describe the parasympathetic system

A

Opposite to sympathetic division

Switched on during resting

Increases/conserves metabolic resources

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4
Q

Which divisions work to control the internal environment?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

Where is the parasympathetic function found?

A

Brainstem

S2 to S4 of spinal cord

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6
Q

Where is the sympathetic division found?

A

T1 to L2 spinal cord

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7
Q

Describe the axons of the autonomic nervous system

A

Do not pass directly to effector organs
Form disynaptic pathways
Myelinated Ganglia unmyelinated effector organ

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8
Q

Within autonomic ganglia which is the main neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

Where does acetylcholine bind?

A

Nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

Ionotropic ligand gated (fast influx of Ca2+ and Na+ causing depolarisation)

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10
Q

Within postganglionic sympathetic neurons which is the main neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline

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11
Q

Where does noradrenaline bind?

A

Adrenergic receptors on effector organ

Metabotropic G protein coupled

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12
Q

What is prazosin?

A

Alpha 1 antagonist used in hypertension

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13
Q

What is atenolol?

A

Beta 1 antagonist used in hypertension

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14
Q

What is salbutamol?

A

Beta 2 agonist used in asthma

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15
Q

Within the adrenal medulla which neurotransmitter is present?

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Where does acetylcholine bind in adrenal medulla?

A

Nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin
Direct activation of sympathetic organs

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17
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What is atropine?

A

cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (Lowers parasympathetic activity)
Used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions

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19
Q

Which parts of the body use the sympathetic system?

A

Cardiac muscle

Bronchi of lungs

Sweat glands

Hair follicles

Blood vessels

Abdomino-pelvic viscera

Eye

20
Q

Describe the sympathetic trunk/chain

A

Interconnected paravertebral ganglia

Extends from cervical to sacral levels

21
Q

Where do preganglionic fibres enter the sympathetic trunk?

A

Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through white rami communicans

22
Q

On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:

A

Synapse in ganglion (same level or travel to another level)

Pass through ganglion in splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia

23
Q

From sympathetic trunk, postganglionic fibres follow one of two routes:

A

To the periphery (sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels)
- Via grey rami communicans back into spinal nerves

To the viscera (heart, lungs, head)
- Via medial branches/plexus

24
Q

From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form

A

plexus around viscera

25
Q

Describe the cervical sympathetic

A

3 ganglia in cervical sympathetic trunk

  • Superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglia
    [Stellate ganglion = fused inferior cervical and T1 ganglia]
26
Q

Where do the postganglionic fibres exit?

A

Via gray rami communicans to spinal nerves (sympathetic supply to upper limbs)

Piggy back down common carotid artery to the heart (sympathetic supply to the heart)

“Piggy back” up internal/external carotid artery to head (internal carotid plexus - to eye (dilates pupil,smooth muscle of eyelid and to lacrimal gland (inhibits secretions) or external carotid plexus (to submandibular and parotid plexus (inhibits secretions))

27
Q

What is horner’s syndrome?

A

Disruption of the sympathetic supply to head

Any part of pathway - hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons
E.g. Lesions within brainstem/cervical spinal cord (in MS or apical lung tumours)
(Affecting descending autonomic regulatory pathways)

Affecting pupil (Miosis - constriction of pupil), eyelid (Ptosis - drooping of eyelid) or skin to the face (Anhidrosis - lack of sweating)

28
Q

Describe the thoracic sympathetic

A

12 thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia

29
Q

Postganglionic fibres exit via:

A

Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves

Medial branches to heart and lungs

30
Q

Preganglionic fibres exit via:

A

Thoracic splanchnic nerves to abdomen

Greater, lesser and least to prevertebral ganglia

31
Q

Where do the thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse?

A 
In prevertebral ganglia
Celiac ganglion 
- Stomach/duodenum
Superior mesenteric ganglion 
- Small intestine
Aorticorenal ganglion 
- Kidney
32
Q

Where are the ganglia located?

A

Close to abdominal aorta

33
Q

Describe the lumbar sympathetic

A

4 lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglia

34
Q

Where do postganglionc fibres of the lumbar sympathetic exit?

A

Via Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves

35
Q

Where do preganglionic fibres of lumbar sympathetic exit?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves to pelvis

36
Q

Describe the sacral sympathetic

A

4 sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia

37
Q

Where do Postganglionic fibres of the sacral sympathetic exit?

A

Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves (lower limb)

Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs

38
Q

Describe the parasympathetic system

A

Smaller division
Cardiac muscle - decreases pacemaker activity and contractile force
Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction
Sweat glands - None
Hair follicles - None
Blood vessels - None
Abdominopelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis and release of gastric secretions
Eye - constrict
Salivary and lacrimal glands - Increase secretions

39
Q

Describe the parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

A

Preganglionic neurons within:

Brainstem

Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms S2 – S4 spinal nerves)

All ganglia located close to target organ

40
Q

Describe the cranial parasympathetic neuronal cell bodies

A

Preganglionic neuronal cell bodies in cranial nerve nuclei

Cranial nerve 3, 7, 9 and 10

41
Q

Describe the cranial parasympathetic preganglionic axons

A

Preganglionic axons pass through cranial nerves to ganglia
Cranial nerve 3 (to ciliary ganglion), 7 (to pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion) and 9 (to otic ganglion)

42
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pass to?

A

Heart
Lungs
Abdomen

43
Q

Describe the sacral parasympathetic system

A

From sacral spinal cord

Preganglionic fibres exit via:

Pelvic splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs

Form pelvic plexus over viscera

Preganglionic fibres synapse in walls of target organs

44
Q

List the functions of the sacral parasympathetic division

A

Bladder (urination)
Contraction of bladder wall
Inhibition to bladder sphincter

Rectum (defecation)
Inhibition of rectal sphincter

Sexual function
Vasodilation in erectile tissues

45
Q

Describe the enteric nervous system

A

In walls of gastrointestinal tract

2 very complicated plexi:
Auerbach’s – Regulates muscle contraction - between muscle wall
Meissner’s – Regulates glandular secretions - On inside wall

Contains 10-100 billion neurons

Very unusual – retains functions after all central connections severed

Truly autonomic

Module 202 Theme 2 (12 decks)

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