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CVS (Semester 2) > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the spinal cord do the nerves which form the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

The thoracolumbar region, from T1 to L2/3

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2
Q

Where on the spinal cord are the nerve origins for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The cranial and sacral regions.

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3
Q

Where do nerves from the sympathetic division synapse?

A

In paravertebral ganglia

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4
Q

What molecule is secreted by preganglionic neurones?

A

This is acetylcholine and it acts on nicotinic ACh receptors.

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5
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what type of transmission occurs at the post ganglionic synapse?

A

Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter released and this acts on adrenocreceptors.

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6
Q

What is the neurotransmitter responsible for the sympathetic innervation Of sweat glands?

A

Acetylcholine which acts on muscarinic receptors.

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7
Q

What is the action of an adrenoceptor?

A

These are G-protein coupled receptors and do not have integral ion channels.

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8
Q

What is the significance of adrenoceptor subtypes?

A

This means that there can be a more specific response as each different tissue has a slightly different receptor. This is a good target for drugs.

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9
Q

What is a co-transmitter?

A

These are transmitters such as neuropeptide Y and ATP which are release with adrenaline/noradrenaline at the post ganglionic synapse with the effector cell.

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10
Q

What molecule acts on muscarinic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

What type of receptor is a cholinergenic receptor?

A

These are G protein coupled receptors

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12
Q

What can be said about the combined action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

They are both opposite responses to each other but together they maintain a balance.

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13
Q

Where are B2 receptors found?

A

In the lungs

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14
Q

What type of adrenoceptor is found in the heart?

A

B1.

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15
Q

State where muscarinic receptors M2/m3 are found.

A

M2 is found in the heart and M3 is found in the lungs

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16
Q

Name three features of the cardiovascular system which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

A

Heart rate, force of contraction, total peripheral resistance.

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17
Q

At rest, what influences the heart?

A

The Vagal system

18
Q

What is the major effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A

Reduction in heart rate.

19
Q

Where on the heart does the parasympathetic nervous system act?

A

Post ganglionic fibres synapse at the SA and AV node, and they release acetyl choline which acts on M2 receptors.

20
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system slow the pulse?

A

At the SA node it reduces heart rate and at the AV node it reduces conduction velocity.

21
Q

Where on the heart does the sympathetic nervous system act?

A

It acts on both the SA, AV nodes and the myocardium. It releases noradrenaline which acts on B1 receptors.

22
Q

What changes does the sympathetic nervous system stimulation have on the heart?

A

It increases pulse and force of contraction.

23
Q

What is the name for increase in pulse rate?

A

Chronotropic effect.

24
Q

What is inotropic effect?

A

Increase in force of contraction of the heart.

25
Q

What change does the sympathetic nervous system have on the SA node action potential?

A

It increases the slope making it short. It achieves this because it’s Gprotein causes increased cAMP and so there are more HCN channels open and quicker Na influx.

26
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system slow pulse rate?

A

The m2 receptor G proteins increase K+ conductance meaning that the starting potential has a greater magnitude and so there is further for the pacemaker potential to depolarise. There is also reduced cAMP and so less HCN channels are open.

27
Q

How does the action of noradrenaline on the myocardium increase force of contraction?

A

B1 adrenoreceptor activation leads to cAMP increase and more calcium influx during the plateau of the action potential.

28
Q

What effect does more activation of protein kinase A have on calcium channels?

A

This means that they are phosphorylated and so there is greater influx of calcium.

29
Q

What effect does increased uptake of Ca into the SR have on a cell?

A

It makes the contractile machinery more sensitive to Ca and so there is increased force of contraction

30
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system controls vasomotor tone? What is the name of the receptor?

A

Sympathetic, actin on a1 adrenoreceptors

31
Q

What effect does B2 adrenoreceptor activation have on vascular smooth muscle tone?

A

This leads to increased cAMP and PKA which phosphorylates MLCK and means that there is less contraction - vasodilation.

32
Q

Describe the effect of a1 adrenoreceptor activation on vasomotor tone.

A

Vasoconstriction. a1 receptors lead to increased IP3 and so cystolic calcium increases and muscle contracts.

33
Q

What local molecules have a vasodilation effect?

A

Local metabolites such as K+, H+, pCO2.

34
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus.

35
Q

What do baroreceptors measure?

A

These are sensitive to stretch and so detect increases in blood pressure

36
Q

What is a sympathomimetic?

A

This is a drug which mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system.

37
Q

What is dobutamine?

A

This is a B1 agonist which is given in cardiogenic shock.

38
Q

What is salbutamol?

A

This is a B2 agonist which acts on smooth muscle in the respiratory system.

39
Q

What action do a1 antagonists have on the CVS?

A

They prevent NA action on smooth muscle and so they lead to reduced vasomotor tone and reduced blood pressure.

40
Q

When are muscarinic agonists used?

A

Treatment of glaucoma as they activate constrictor pupillary muscles.

41
Q

What do B adrenoreceptor antagonist do in the CVS?

A

These slow heart rate and force of contraction.

CVS (Semester 2) (17 decks)

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