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Physiology II Exam III > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two sequential neurons that compose the ANS?

A
  • preganglionic neuron

- postganglionic neuron

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2
Q

Describe the preganglionic neuron.

A
  • cell bodies are located within CNS
  • axons are myelinated
  • neurotransmitter is ACh
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3
Q

Describe the postganglionic neuron.

A
  • cell bodies are located in peripheral ganglia
  • axons are not myelinated

-neurotransmitter is
+ACh is parasympathetic
+NE in sympathetic

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4
Q

What some generalizations regarding the ANS?

A
  • most parasympathetic and almost all sympathetic postganglionic fibers merely touch or pass near to the effector cells of the organs they innervate
  • terminal ends of these fibers usually have enlarged varicosities where neurotransmitter and large numbers of mitochondria are stored
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5
Q

Cell body of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lies where?

A

-intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

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6
Q

Describe how the sympathetic preganglionic fibers travel.

A
  • can synapse with postganglionic neurons upward or downward in the paravertebral chain
  • preganglionic fiber can pass for variable distances through the chain and then through one of the sympathetic nerves to synapse in a peripheral sympathetic ganglion
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7
Q

What are some characteristics of postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A
  • pass through the gray rami
  • are type C fibers
  • make up about 8% of the fibers in the average nerve
  • control blood vessels, sweat glands, piloerection muscles
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8
Q

Where is the thoracic sympathetic chain?

A

Lies against neck of ribs and costovertebral junctions

-12 thoracic ganglia pairs
+first one often fused with inferior cervical ganglion
+referred to as stellate ganglion collectively

-cervical ganglion
+superior, middle, inferior

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9
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic supply to the thoracic viscera are from _________.

A

T1-5

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10
Q

The postganglionics are from the thoracic sympathetic chain are from where? How do they exit?

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
  • T1-T5 paravertebral ganglia
  • they exit the chain as direct fibers and travel downwards to enter the thorax -> as cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
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11
Q

The cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves travel on their own and do not accompany other nerves or vessels.

A

:)

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12
Q

What is the function of the thoracic sympathetic chain?

A
  • coronary artery dilation
  • increase HR
  • bronchodilation
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13
Q

What are splanchnic nerves??

A
  • composed of preganglionic fibers and visceral sensory fibers
  • supply abdominal viscera
  • synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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14
Q

Location and synapses of greater splanchnic nerves?

A
  • T5-T9

- synapses in celiac ganglion

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15
Q

Location and synapses of lesser splanchnic nerves

A
  • T10-T11

- synapses in the superior mesenteric ganglion

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16
Q

Location and synapses of the least splanchnic ganglion

A
  • T12

- synapses in the aorticorenal ganglion

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17
Q

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic system what does it secrete?

A
  • secrete about 80% epi and 20% NE

- hormones last 5-10x longer than neurotransmitter versions

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18
Q

What does circulating NE do?

A

-constricts most blood vessels of the body
+greater effect on blood vessels in skeletal muscles so greater effect on raising arterial pressure

  • increases heart activity
  • inhibits GI tract
  • dilates pupil
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19
Q

Secretory cells of the adrenal medulla are what?

A
  • postganglionic neurons

- have rudimentary fibers that secrete epi and NE

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20
Q

What does circulation epinephrine do?

A
  • raises arterial pressure to a lesser extent than NE
  • increases cardiac output more than NE
  • has 5-10x as great effect on metabolism as NE
  • can increase metabolic rate of whole body as much as 100% above normal
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21
Q

What is the alarm or stress response?

A

-occurs when there is a mass discharge of the entire sympathetic system

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22
Q

What does the alarm response induce physiologically?

A
  • increased arterial pressure
  • reroute get of blood flow to active muscles
  • increased rates in cellular metabolism
  • increased blood glucose conc
  • increased glycolysis in liver and muscle
  • increased muscle strength
  • increased mental activity
  • increased blood coagulation
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23
Q

About 75% of all parasympathetic fiber are in what?

A

Vagus nerve

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24
Q

Most preganglionic fibers pass all the way to the organ that is to be innervated.

A

;)

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25
Q

Where are postganglionic parasympathetic fibers found? What do they use as their neurotransmitter?

A
  • are located in the wall of the organ

- use ACh as their neurotransmitter

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26
Q

What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic signals?

A
  • oculomotor (III)
  • facial (VII)
  • glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • vagus (X)
27
Q

What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • supplies fourth of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye and the levator palpebrae superioris
  • preganglionic: from Edinger-Westphalia nucleus to the ciliary ganglion
  • postganglionic: from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae muscle
28
Q

What are the functions of the facial nerve?

A
  • primary motor nerve to muscles of facial expression
  • carries sensation of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

Preganglionics: from superior saliva tort and lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia

-postganglionics: to lacrimal glans, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, adn mucus glands of mouth and nose

29
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • carries general sensation and sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • preganglionics: from inferior saltatory nucleus to otic ganglion
  • postganglionics: to parotid gland
30
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

-motor supply to muscles of the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arches and is important in swallowing and speaking

31
Q

Outline the parasympathetics of the vagus nerve.

A

-major parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal organs

Preganglionics: from dorsal motor nucleus

Postganglionics: myenteric plexus of wall of gut tube all the way to the left colic fissure

32
Q

What is the course if the vagus nerve?

A
  • runs parallel to esophagus (innervates esophagus)
  • passes posterior to root of lung on each side
  • pierces diaphragm with esophagus
  • becomes gastric nerve
  • supplies viscera in thoracic cavity
33
Q

What are the vagus nerve branches?

A
  • cardiac branches to cardiac plexus
  • pulmonary branches to pulmonary plexus
  • esophageal branches to esophageal plexus
  • left recurrent laryngeal nerve from left vagus (hooks around arc of aorta to left of ligamentum arteriosus)
  • right recurrent laryngeal nerve from right vagus (raisers in neck, not thorax)
34
Q

How is ACh produced? Broken down?

A
  • acetyl CoA + choline -> ACh (choline acetyl transferase)

- ACh -> choline + acetate ion (acetylcholinesterase)

35
Q

Describe how NE is produced?

A
  • hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa
  • decarboxylation of dopa to dopamine
  • transport of dopamine into the vesicles
  • hydroxylation of dopamine to NE
  • in the adrenal medulla, 80% of NE is methylated to form epi
36
Q

How is NE removed?

A
  • reuptaken
  • diffusion
  • destruction by monoamine oxidase -> found in nerve endings
  • destruction by catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) -> present in all tissue
  • NE/epi is active for only a few seconds when secreted directly into the tissues, but is active in blood until destroyed by COMT
37
Q

What are muscarinic ACh receptors?

A
  • muscadine is a poison from toadstools

- receptors are found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

38
Q

What are nicotinic ACh receptors?

A
  • found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
  • present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle
39
Q

What are alpha adrenergic receptors?

A
  • NE excited mainly alpha receptors but also beta receptors to a lesser extent
  • epi excited both alpha and beta almost equally
  • certain alpha receptors are excitatory; others are inhibitory
40
Q

What are alpha receptors associated with?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • iris dilation
  • intestinal relaxation
  • intestinal sphincter contraction
  • pilomotor contraction
  • bladder sphincter contraction
  • inhibition of neurotransmitter release
41
Q

What do beta1 adrenergic receptors do?

A
  • cardio acceleration
  • increased myocardial strength
  • lipolysis
42
Q

What do beta2 adrenergic receptors do?

A
  • vasodilation
  • intestinal relaxation
  • uterus relaxation
  • bronchodilation
  • calorigenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • bladder wall relaxation
43
Q

What do beta3 adrenergic receptors do?

A

-thermogenesis

44
Q

What are the sympathomimetic drugs?

A
  • NE
  • epi
  • methoxamine
  • phenylephrine (alpha receptors)
  • isoproterenol (beta receptors)
  • albuterol (beta2 receptors)
45
Q

What drugs cause release of NE?

A
  • ephedrine
  • tyramine
  • amphetamine
46
Q

What does reserpine do?

A

-blocks synthesis and storage of NE

47
Q

What does guanethidine do?

A

-blocks release of NE

48
Q

What does phenotype amine/phentolamine do?

A

-block sympathetic alpha receptors

49
Q

What does propranolol do?

A

-blocks sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors

50
Q

What does metoprolol do?

A

-blocks mostly sympathetic beta1 receptors

51
Q

What does hexamethonium do?

A

-blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia

52
Q

What do parasympathetic drugs that act of cholinergic effector organs do?

A
  • not rapidly destroyed by cholinersterase
  • include pilocarpine and methacholine
  • act directly on muscarinic receptors
53
Q

What drugs inhibit acetylcholineesterase?

A
  • neostigmine
  • pyridostigmine
  • ambenonium
54
Q

What are drugs that block cholinergic activity?

A
  • atropine
  • homatropine
  • scopolamine
55
Q

What are the effects the ANS on the eye?

A

Sym: pupil dilation

Para: pupil constriction, lens focusing

56
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of glands

A

-causes secretion of large amounts of sweat
+cholinergic to most sweat glands (few adrenergic fibers in palms and soles)

+actually a parasympathetic function distributed via sympathetic fibers

57
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of glands

A
  • strongly stimulates lacrimal, nasal, salivary, and many GI glands
  • strongly stimulates GI glands of upper tract
  • lower tract mostly stim,halted via the enteric system
58
Q

ANS stimulation on GI tract

A

Sym: strong stimulation inhibits peristalsis, normally not dependent on sympathetic stimulation

Para: promotes peristalsis, relaxes sphincters

59
Q

ANS on heart

A

Sym: increases HR and strength of contraction

Para: decreases HR and strength of contraction

60
Q

ANS of systemic blood vessels

A

Sym: constricts most blood vessels

Para: has almost no effect

61
Q

ANS on arterial pressure

A

Sym: results in acute increase in arterial pressure but little effect long term

Para: decreases pumping of heart but little effect on blood pressure

62
Q

General effects of ANS

A

Sym: inhibits most endodermal structures

Para: excited most endodermal structures

63
Q

What are some characteristics of the ANS?

A

-can change visceral function rapidly and intensely
+HR can be increased to twice normal within 3-5 secs

+arterial pressure can be doubled within 10-15 secs

\+sweating can begin within seconds

Physiology II Exam III (9 decks)

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