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ESA 2 CVS > Autonomic Nervous System (4) > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System (4) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two main sections of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

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1
Q

What are the roles of the Autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Important for regulating:
  • Heart rate, bp, body temp
  • Co-ordination body’s response to exercise and stress
  • Outside of voluntary control
  • Exerts control over:
  • Smooth muscle, exocrine secretion, rate and force of heart contraction
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2
Q

What is the origin of the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Thoraco-lumbar origin

- Preganglionic neurones arise from T1 - L2/3

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3
Q

Where are the majority of synapses with postganglionic nerves situated?

A
  • Paravertebral chain of ganglia
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4
Q

Give examples of prevertebral ganglia.

A
  • Coeliac

- Superior/inferior mesenteric

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5
Q

What does the pre and post ganglia look like in the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Same length
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6
Q

What is the origin of the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Cranio-sacral origin
  • Cranial nerves (III, VII, IX and X)
  • Sacral outflow S2-S4
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7
Q

What do the pre and post ganglia look like in the Parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Pre is significantly longer

- Post is v. short and close to the target tissue

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8
Q

What are the neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Pre: Ach (Acetylcholine)

- Post: NA (Noradrenaline)

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9
Q

What neurotransmitters used in the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Acetylcholine in both pre and post ganglions.
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10
Q

What are the different types of adrenoreceptors?

A
  • Alpha 1
  • Alpha 2
  • Beta 1
  • Beta 2
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11
Q

Why do different tissues have different subtypes?

A
  • Allows for diversity of action

- Selectivity of drug action

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12
Q

Outline the use of neurotransmitters in Parasympathetic NS.

A
  • Use Ach
  • Acts at muscarinic receptors of effector cells
  • G protein coupled receptors M1/2/3
  • No integral ion channel
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13
Q

What is the general role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS?

A
  • Parasympathetic: more dominant under basal conditions

- Sympathetic: Increases activity under stress

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14
Q

Which nerve supplies parasympathetic impulses to the heart?

A
  • Vagus

- 10th X cranial nerve

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15
Q

How does the parasympathetic NS feed impulses to the heart?

A
  • Postganglionic cells on epicardial surface

- Or within walls of heart at SAN/AVN

16
Q

What do parasympathetic cells release? To what and what effect in the heart?

A
  • Ach
  • M2 receptors
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Decreases AVN conduction velocity
17
Q

Where does the sympathetic input arise from?

A
  • Sympathetic trunk
18
Q

What does the sympathetic NS innervates?

A
  • SAN
  • AVN
  • Myocardium
19
Q

What does the sympathetic NS release? To what and what effect?

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • Acts on B1 adrenoreceptors
  • Increases heart rate and force of contraction
20
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on the pacemaker potential?

A
  • Increases rate of depolarisation
  • B1 receptors
  • Increase in cAMP speeds up pacemaker potential
21
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic NS have on pacemaker potential?

A
  • Decreases rate of pacemaker potential
  • M2 receptors
  • Inhibits adenylate cyclise
  • Decreases cAMP
  • Increases K conductance
22
Q

How does noradrenaline increase the force of contraction?

A
  • NA acting on B1 receptors in myocardium causes an increase in cAMP
  • Phosphorylation of Ca channels
  • Increases Ca entry during AP
  • Increases uptake of Ca in SR
  • Increases sensitivity of contractile machinery to Ca
  • Increases force of contraction
23
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A
  • The state that blood vessels take if the sympathetic output isn’t higher or lower than normal
  • So there’s no vasodilation or vasoconstriction
24
Q

Which types of cells have A1 and B2 receptors?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Myocardium
  • Liver
25
Q

What are B2 receptors sensitive to?

A
  • Circulating adrenaline
26
Q

If you activate the B2 adrenoreceptor what does this cause?

A
  • Vasodialtion
  • Increases cAMP
  • Which opens K channel which leads to relaxation of smooth muscle
27
Q

If you activate the A1 adrenoreceptor what does this cause in VSM?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased Ca
  • Contraction of smooth muscle
28
Q

What does an increase in local metabolites cause?

A
  • Has a strong vasodilator effect
  • Ensures adequate perfusion of skeletal and coronary muscle
  • Then activation of B2
29
Q

How are changes in the state of the system communicated to the brain?

A
  • Via afferent nerves
  • Baroreceptors - stretch receptors to increased arterial pressure
  • Arterial receptors
  • Alters activity of efferent nerves
30
Q

What are the 3 main types of drugs that effect the autonomic NS?

A
  • Sympathomimetics
  • Adrenoreceptor antagonists
  • Cholinergics (muscarinic agonists and antagonists)

ESA 2 CVS (16 decks)

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