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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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2
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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3
Q

autonomic controls what centers of the brain?

A

hypothalamus
pons
medulla

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4
Q

autonomic controls which functions (7)

A 
temp.
water balance
eating behavior
urinary bladder
respiratory center
secondary respiratory center
blood pressure
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5
Q

some autonomic reflexes are capable of taking place without input from the brain: examples are

A

urination, defecation, penile erection

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6
Q

the autonomic pathway consists of what 2 neurons

A

preganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

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7
Q

a cluster of nerve cell bodies that lie outside of the CNS. THe equivalent in the CNS is the nucleus

A

ganglion

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8
Q

originate in the thoracic and lumber region of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic pathways

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9
Q

are found primarily in two chains that ran along either side of vertebral column

A

sympathetic ganglia

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10
Q

many _____ pathways originate in the brain stem, and their axons leave the brain in the several cranial nerves
some originate in the sacral region of the spinal cord and control pelvic organs

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

parasympathetic ganglia are located either on or near their ______ organ

A

target

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12
Q

Most internal organs are under antagonistic control: one autonomic branch is ____ and the other branch is ___

A

excitatory

inhibitory

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13
Q

Heart rate and contractility increase
energy utilization
Smooth muscle: contraction of sphincters in the GI and urinary tracts
These are example of ______ division

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

generally act to conserve and restore energy reserves during the time of rest.

A

parasympathetic division

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15
Q

What are the SLUD6 response for the parasympathetic division

A

salivation decrease HR
lacrimation decreased airways
urination decrease diameter of pupil
disgestion dilation of erectile tissue
defecation

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16
Q

when there is perceived danger with no perceived escape there may be massive activation of the parasympathetic division

A

Paradoxical fear

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17
Q

contains ~ 75% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, transmits sensory information from internal organs to the brain and parasympathetic output from the brain to organs.

A

vagus nerve

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18
Q

Changing the shape of lens to focus an object is called

A

accommodation

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19
Q

The shape of the lens and its strength is regulated by the

A

ciliary muscle

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20
Q

The ciliary muscle is a circular ring of smooth muscle attached to the lens by

A

suspensory ligaments.

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21
Q

The ciliary muscle is controlled by the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

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22
Q

Constricts pupil (muscarinic) (contraction of circular muscles)

A

Parasympathetic

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23
Q

Contracts ciliary muscle (m) (thickens the lens for near vision = accommodation)

A

Parasympathetic

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24
Q
  • Dilates pupil (α1) (contraction of radial muscles)

- Relaxes ciliary muscle (β2) (flattens the lens for distance vision)

A

Sympathetic

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25
Dilates pupil (lens - distance vision)
Sympathetic
26
Viscous saliva
Sympathetic
27
Increased heart rate & contractility
Sympathetic
28
Vasoconstriction
Sympathetic
29
Dilates bronchi
Sympathetic
30
Stimulates glucose production & lipolysis
Sympathetic
31
Inhibits GI activity
Sympathetic
32
Inhibits urination
Sympathetic
33
Ejaculation
Sympathetic
34
Decreased diameter of airways (constriction)
Parasympathetic
35
Decreased diameter of pupil = constriction (lens- near vision)
Parasympathetic
36
Dilation of erectile tissues (erection)
Parasympathetic
37
the ______ pathways use acetylcholine and norepinephrine and contains adrenergic receptor
sympathetic
38
______ pathway that uses acetylcholine and contains muscarinic receptor
parasympathetic
39
The ______ ______ which forms the small core of the adrenal gland develops from the same embryonic tissue as sympathetic neurons and is a neurosecretory structure
adrenal medulla
40
3 autonomic pathways
parasympathetic sympathetic adrenal sympathetic
41
contain 2 ganglion, binds norepinephrine to alpha/beta1 receptor (adrenergic receptor)
sympathetic pathways
42
epinephrine is released from adrenal medulla and travel through blood vessel and binds to beta2 receptors
Adrenal sympathetic pathway
43
- synthesized in varicosities and packaged in vesicles | - released to interstitial fluid to diffuse to wherever the receptors are located
neurotransmitters
44
Varicosity of a sympathetic neuron (steps)
AP arrives at varicosity depolarization opens Ca channels Ca triggers exocytosis NE binds to adrenergic receptor on target N is removed from synapse and taken back t vesicle for re-release
45
norepinephrine is metabolized by
monoamine oxidase
46
cholinergic receptor binds ________. | indirect agonist/antagonist is _____
acetylcholine | AchE (neostigmine)
47
Muscarinic receptor: Agonist _____ Antagonist _______
muscarine | atropine, scopolamine
48
nicotinic receptor: agonist _______ antagonist _____
``` nicotine alpha bungarotoxin (muscle only), TEA (ganglia only), curare ```
49
adrenergic receptors: neurotransmitter __________ and ________ indirect agonist/antagonist ________
norepinephrine, epinephrine | ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine
50
alpha receptor: agonist _______ Antagonist ________
phenylephrine | alpha blockers
51
beta receptors: agonist _______ Antagonist _________
``` isoproterenol beta blockers (propranolol, B1 &2 ) and metoprolol B1 only ```
52
nAChRs are divided into two groups
muscle type Nm, | neuronal type Nn
53
found in vertebrate skeletal muscle, where they mediate transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
muscle type Nm
54
found mainly throughout the peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, and also non-neuronal tissues
neuronal type Nn
55
Skeletal Muscle (Nm) agonist
ACh Nicotine Succinylcholine
56
Skeletal Muscle (Nm) antagonist
d-tubocurarine α-conotoxin α-bungarotoxin
57
Peripheral Neuronal (Nn) in skeletal neuromuscular junction agonist
ACh Nicotine Epibatidine Dimethylphenyl-piperazinium
58
Peripheral Neuronal (Nn)located in ganglia and adrenal medullla agonist
Trimethaphan
59
Ganglion-blocking drugs used for treatment of hypertension
trimethaphan
60
adversed effects of ganglion blockade are severe causing
blocks sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
61
Subtypes of Muscarinic Receptors
M1 M2 M3
62
receptors located in autonomic ganglia and the CNS
M1
63
receptors located mainly in the supraventricular parts of the heart.
M2
64
receptors located in smooth muscles and glands, and on endothelial cells in the vasculature
M3
65
Muscarinic receptor agonists
Carbachol | Bethanechol
66
stimulates nAChR on autonomic ganglia
Carbachol
67
has mainly muscarinic actions, with prominent effects on motility of the GI tract and urinary bladder. It is used to treat urinary retention
Bethanechol
68
nonselective muscarinic receptor competitive antagonist; relatively lipid-soluble and is well distributed into the CNS and other organs.
Atropine
69
inhibit AchE by phosphorylating a serine hydroxyl group, which is directly responsible for the hydrolysis of Ach.
Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases (tabun, sarin, soman)
70
Organophosphate poisoning Symptoms:
``` salivation lacrimation urination diaphoresis gastrointestinal motility emesis diarrhea miosis bradycardia bronchoconstriction excitation (muscle fasciculations and CNS) ```
71
Organophosphate poisoning treatment
Atropine | Oximes
72
blocking the action of Ach at muscarinic AchRs.
Atropine
73
restore acetylcholinesterase functionality - “cholinesterase regenerators”.
Oximes
74
major toxins in Amanita muscaria and cause ethanol-like intoxication and jerking movements.
Ibotenic acid and muscimol
75
symptoms of muscarinic cholinergic poisoning
``` salivation lacrimation nausea vomiting headache visual disturbances abdominal colic diarrhea bronchospasm bradycardia hypotension shock ```
76
act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more CNS effects.
Scopolamine
77
acts by blocking cholinergic transmission from the vestibular nuclei to higher centers in the CNS.
Scopolamine
78
develops most likely due to abnormal intestinal muscle contractions that result in cramping, pain, and fluctuations in the speed of digestion.
•Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
79
antispasmodic anticholinergic agent used to treat intestinal hypermotility problems associated with IBS. It blocks activity of Ach on muscarinic receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells in the gut, acts as smooth muscle relaxant.
•Dicyclomine (dicycloverine)
80
anticholinergic drugs
antimuscarinic antinicotinic cholinesterase
81
antimuscarinic
atropine | scopolamine
82
antinicotinic
``` ganglione blockers (hexamethonium) neuromuscular blockers (tubocurarine) ```
83
cholinesterase regenerators
oximes (pralidoxime)
84
receptor found in most sympathetic target tissues; activates phospholipase C
alpha 1
85
receptor found in gastrointestinal tract and pancreas; decrease cAMP
alpha 2
86
receptor found in heart muscle, kidney; increase cAMP
beta 1
87
receptor found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscle of some organs; increases cAMP
beta 2
88
receptor found in adipose tissue; increases cAMP
beta 3
89
Alpha 1 receptor mediated effects:
- smooth muscle contraction - mydriasis - vasoconstriction (increase BP) - gluconeogenesis in liver - inotropic action on heart muscle
90
•Alpha 2 mediated effects:
- decreases secretion of NE from nerve terminals - decreases secretion of insulin - decreases gastric secretions
91
both ___ and ____ adrenergic receptors are expressed in the heart and lungs
beta 1 | beta 2
92
bronchodilation in the lungs triggered by ___ receptor
beta 2
93
can cause bronchodilation in asthma patients
non selective beta blockers
94
contaction of radial fibers of iris dilates pupil
alpha 1
95
increase heart rate and contraction
Beta 1
96
arterioles constriction due to smooth muscle contraction
Alpha 1
97
arterioles contriction due to sympathetic nerve activity
alpha 1
98
bronchioles dilate due to smooth muscle relaxation
beta 2
99
contraction of sphincters slow passage of food
alpha1
100
glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose
alpha1 beata2
101
Begins as sensory neuropathy, with tingling and loss of sensations in the hands and feet
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

Autonomic Nervous System (1 decks)

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