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Autonomic Nervous System > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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2
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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3
Q

autonomic controls what centers of the brain?

A

hypothalamus
pons
medulla

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4
Q

autonomic controls which functions (7)

A 
temp.
water balance
eating behavior
urinary bladder
respiratory center
secondary respiratory center
blood pressure
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5
Q

some autonomic reflexes are capable of taking place without input from the brain: examples are

A

urination, defecation, penile erection

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6
Q

the autonomic pathway consists of what 2 neurons

A

preganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

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7
Q

a cluster of nerve cell bodies that lie outside of the CNS. THe equivalent in the CNS is the nucleus

A

ganglion

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8
Q

originate in the thoracic and lumber region of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic pathways

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9
Q

are found primarily in two chains that ran along either side of vertebral column

A

sympathetic ganglia

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10
Q

many _____ pathways originate in the brain stem, and their axons leave the brain in the several cranial nerves
some originate in the sacral region of the spinal cord and control pelvic organs

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

parasympathetic ganglia are located either on or near their ______ organ

A

target

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12
Q

Most internal organs are under antagonistic control: one autonomic branch is ____ and the other branch is ___

A

excitatory

inhibitory

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13
Q

Heart rate and contractility increase
energy utilization
Smooth muscle: contraction of sphincters in the GI and urinary tracts
These are example of ______ division

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

generally act to conserve and restore energy reserves during the time of rest.

A

parasympathetic division

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15
Q

What are the SLUD6 response for the parasympathetic division

A

salivation decrease HR
lacrimation decreased airways
urination decrease diameter of pupil
disgestion dilation of erectile tissue
defecation

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16
Q

when there is perceived danger with no perceived escape there may be massive activation of the parasympathetic division

A

Paradoxical fear

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17
Q

contains ~ 75% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, transmits sensory information from internal organs to the brain and parasympathetic output from the brain to organs.

A

vagus nerve

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18
Q

Changing the shape of lens to focus an object is called

A

accommodation

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19
Q

The shape of the lens and its strength is regulated by the

A

ciliary muscle

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20
Q

The ciliary muscle is a circular ring of smooth muscle attached to the lens by

A

suspensory ligaments.

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21
Q

The ciliary muscle is controlled by the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

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22
Q

Constricts pupil (muscarinic) (contraction of circular muscles)

A

Parasympathetic

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23
Q

Contracts ciliary muscle (m) (thickens the lens for near vision = accommodation)

A

Parasympathetic

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24
Q
  • Dilates pupil (α1) (contraction of radial muscles)

- Relaxes ciliary muscle (β2) (flattens the lens for distance vision)

A

Sympathetic

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25
Q

Dilates pupil (lens - distance vision)

A

Sympathetic

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26
Q

Viscous saliva

A

Sympathetic

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27
Q

Increased heart rate & contractility

A

Sympathetic

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28
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetic

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29
Q

Dilates bronchi

A

Sympathetic

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30
Q

Stimulates glucose production & lipolysis

A

Sympathetic

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31
Q

Inhibits GI activity

A

Sympathetic

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32
Q

Inhibits urination

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

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34
Q

Decreased diameter of airways (constriction)

A

Parasympathetic

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35
Q

Decreased diameter of pupil = constriction (lens- near vision)

A

Parasympathetic

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36
Q

Dilation of erectile tissues (erection)

A

Parasympathetic

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37
Q

the ______ pathways use acetylcholine and norepinephrine and contains adrenergic receptor

A

sympathetic

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38
Q

______ pathway that uses acetylcholine and contains muscarinic receptor

A

parasympathetic

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39
Q

The ______ ______ which forms the small core of the adrenal gland develops from the same embryonic tissue as sympathetic neurons and is a neurosecretory structure

A

adrenal medulla

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40
Q

3 autonomic pathways

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
adrenal sympathetic

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41
Q

contain 2 ganglion, binds norepinephrine to alpha/beta1 receptor (adrenergic receptor)

A

sympathetic pathways

42
Q

epinephrine is released from adrenal medulla and travel through blood vessel and binds to beta2 receptors

A

Adrenal sympathetic pathway

43
Q
  • synthesized in varicosities and packaged in vesicles

- released to interstitial fluid to diffuse to wherever the receptors are located

A

neurotransmitters

44
Q

Varicosity of a sympathetic neuron (steps)

A

AP arrives at varicosity
depolarization opens Ca channels
Ca triggers exocytosis
NE binds to adrenergic receptor on target
N is removed from synapse and taken back t vesicle for re-release

45
Q

norepinephrine is metabolized by

A

monoamine oxidase

46
Q

cholinergic receptor binds ________.

indirect agonist/antagonist is _____

A

acetylcholine

AchE (neostigmine)

47
Q

Muscarinic receptor:
Agonist _____
Antagonist _______

A

muscarine

atropine, scopolamine

48
Q

nicotinic receptor:

agonist _______
antagonist _____

A 
nicotine
alpha bungarotoxin (muscle only), TEA (ganglia only), curare
49
Q

adrenergic receptors:
neurotransmitter __________ and ________
indirect agonist/antagonist ________

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine

ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine

50
Q

alpha receptor:
agonist _______
Antagonist ________

A

phenylephrine

alpha blockers

51
Q

beta receptors:
agonist _______
Antagonist _________

A 
isoproterenol 
beta blockers (propranolol, B1 &2 ) and metoprolol B1 only
52
Q

nAChRs are divided into two groups

A

muscle type Nm,

neuronal type Nn

53
Q

found in vertebrate skeletal muscle, where they mediate transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

muscle type Nm

54
Q

found mainly throughout the peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, and also non-neuronal tissues

A

neuronal type Nn

55
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Nm) agonist

A

ACh
Nicotine
Succinylcholine

56
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Nm) antagonist

A

d-tubocurarine
α-conotoxin
α-bungarotoxin

57
Q

Peripheral Neuronal (Nn) in skeletal neuromuscular junction agonist

A

ACh
Nicotine
Epibatidine
Dimethylphenyl-piperazinium

58
Q

Peripheral Neuronal (Nn)located in ganglia and adrenal medullla agonist

A

Trimethaphan

59
Q

Ganglion-blocking drugs used for treatment of hypertension

A

trimethaphan

60
Q

adversed effects of ganglion blockade are severe causing

A

blocks sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

61
Q

Subtypes of Muscarinic Receptors

A

M1
M2
M3

62
Q

receptors located in autonomic ganglia and the CNS

A

M1

63
Q

receptors located mainly in the supraventricular parts of the heart.

A

M2

64
Q

receptors located in smooth muscles and glands, and on endothelial cells in the vasculature

A

M3

65
Q

Muscarinic receptor agonists

A

Carbachol

Bethanechol

66
Q

stimulates nAChR on autonomic ganglia

A

Carbachol

67
Q

has mainly muscarinic actions, with prominent effects on motility of the GI tract and urinary bladder. It is used to treat urinary retention

A

Bethanechol

68
Q

nonselective muscarinic receptor competitive antagonist; relatively lipid-soluble and is well distributed into the CNS and other organs.

A

Atropine

69
Q

inhibit AchE by phosphorylating a serine hydroxyl group, which is directly responsible for the hydrolysis of Ach.

A

Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases (tabun, sarin, soman)

70
Q

Organophosphate poisoning Symptoms:

A 
salivation
lacrimation
urination
diaphoresis
gastrointestinal motility
emesis
diarrhea
miosis
bradycardia
bronchoconstriction
excitation (muscle fasciculations and CNS)
71
Q

Organophosphate poisoning treatment

A

Atropine

Oximes

72
Q

blocking the action of Ach at muscarinic AchRs.

A

Atropine

73
Q

restore acetylcholinesterase functionality - “cholinesterase regenerators”.

A

Oximes

74
Q

major toxins in Amanita muscaria and cause ethanol-like intoxication and jerking movements.

A

Ibotenic acid and muscimol

75
Q

symptoms of muscarinic cholinergic poisoning

A 
salivation
lacrimation
nausea
vomiting
headache
visual disturbances
abdominal colic
diarrhea
bronchospasm
bradycardia
hypotension
shock
76
Q

act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more CNS effects.

A

Scopolamine

77
Q

acts by blocking cholinergic transmission from the vestibular nuclei to higher centers in the CNS.

A

Scopolamine

78
Q

develops most likely due to abnormal intestinal muscle contractions that result in cramping, pain, and fluctuations in the speed of digestion.

A

•Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

79
Q

antispasmodic anticholinergic agent used to treat intestinal hypermotility problems associated with IBS. It blocks activity of Ach on muscarinic receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells in the gut, acts as smooth muscle relaxant.

A

•Dicyclomine (dicycloverine)

80
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A

antimuscarinic
antinicotinic
cholinesterase

81
Q

antimuscarinic

A

atropine

scopolamine

82
Q

antinicotinic

A 
ganglione blockers (hexamethonium)
neuromuscular blockers (tubocurarine)
83
Q

cholinesterase regenerators

A

oximes (pralidoxime)

84
Q

receptor found in most sympathetic target tissues; activates phospholipase C

A

alpha 1

85
Q

receptor found in gastrointestinal tract and pancreas; decrease cAMP

A

alpha 2

86
Q

receptor found in heart muscle, kidney; increase cAMP

A

beta 1

87
Q

receptor found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscle of some organs; increases cAMP

A

beta 2

88
Q

receptor found in adipose tissue; increases cAMP

A

beta 3

89
Q

Alpha 1 receptor mediated effects:

A
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • mydriasis
  • vasoconstriction (increase BP)
  • gluconeogenesis in liver
  • inotropic action on heart muscle
90
Q

•Alpha 2 mediated effects:

A
  • decreases secretion of NE from nerve terminals
  • decreases secretion of insulin
  • decreases gastric secretions
91
Q

both ___ and ____ adrenergic receptors are expressed in the heart and lungs

A

beta 1

beta 2

92
Q

bronchodilation in the lungs triggered by ___ receptor

A

beta 2

93
Q

can cause bronchodilation in asthma patients

A

non selective beta blockers

94
Q

contaction of radial fibers of iris dilates pupil

A

alpha 1

95
Q

increase heart rate and contraction

A

Beta 1

96
Q

arterioles constriction due to smooth muscle contraction

A

Alpha 1

97
Q

arterioles contriction due to sympathetic nerve activity

A

alpha 1

98
Q

bronchioles dilate due to smooth muscle relaxation

A

beta 2

99
Q

contraction of sphincters slow passage of food

A

alpha1

100
Q

glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose

A

alpha1 beata2

101
Q

Begins as sensory neuropathy, with tingling and loss of sensations in the hands and feet

A

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

Autonomic Nervous System (1 decks)

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