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nervous system > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

associated with the voluntary control of the body movement via the use of skeletal muscle. under active control

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2
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

(automatic) regulates involuntary physiological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestion. majority of nerve function (90%) in the body

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord. sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

the arrangement of neurons and supporting cells throughout the GI track to from the esophagus to the anus. It accounts for 40% of the nerves in the body.

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5
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

the brain and the spinal cord, subconscious but conscious override

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6
Q

what are some effects of the stress response?

A

-dilated pupils
-dry nose
-adrenaline release
-vasodilation
-fluid restriction

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7
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system.

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8
Q

what are the nerves like in the autonomic nervous system?

A

lightly myelinated or non myelinated

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9
Q

what are some examples of autonomic control?

A

-fight or flight
-digestion
-urination
-cardiovascular control
-sex and reproduction

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10
Q

what does the parasympathetic work as?

A

a brake

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10
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

central part - subconscious u conscious override
peripheral part - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

what does the sympathetic work as?

A

an accelerator

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12
Q

what are the differences between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic?

A

-anatomical origin
-location of ganglion
-post ganglionic neurotransmitters
-their functions

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13
Q

what are the similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

-two neurons
-two origins
-two neurotransmitters

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14
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in ganglionic transmission?

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight
co ordinates a stress response through adrenaline and noradrenaline

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16
Q

what are sympathomimetic drugs?

A

-agonists
-stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

what are the anatomical origins of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar origins - come from spinal cord forming the sympathetic chain found just infront of lumbar vertebrae

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18
Q

where are the ganglia located on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

near the first neuron and next to the spinal cord.

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19
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the sympathetic NS?

A

pre ganglionic - acetylcholine
post ganglionic - noradrenaline

20
Q

when is acetylcholine used as the post ganglionic receptor in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

in sweat glands and deep muscle vessels

21
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do during a stress response?

A

-pupil dilation
-dry mouth and decongested nose (increase oxygen getting to body)
-increased HR
-more oxygen to muscles
-vasodilation to increase blood flow
-reduced GI blood supply and relax smooth muscle (don’t want to digest food)
-urinary retention
-renal constriction, more renin

22
Q

what does the alpha 1 receptor do (sympathetic)?

A

causes arteriole vasoconstriction

23
Q

what does alpha 2 receptor do(sympathetic)?

A

causes venous and coronary vasoconstriction

24
Q

what does the beta 1 receptor do?

A

-it is in the heart
-increases heart rate and contractility

25
Q

what does beta 2 receptor do ?

A

-in the lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle and blood vessels
-causes smooth muscle relaxation around the body, dilation of blood vessels, lungs pupil or relaxation of bladder and gut

26
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

slows things down, rest and digest
-pupillary contriction
-nasal engorgement
-excess salivation to aid digestion
-increased gastric secretions and blood flow
-slow HR
-bronchoconstriction
-micturate, defecate, ejaculate

27
Q

what are the origins of the parasympathetic NS?

A

craniosacral outflow
-cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
-sacral S2,3,4

28
Q

where are the ganglia for the parasympathetic NS?

A

near site of action

29
Q

what are the neurotransmitters for parasympathetic?

A

pre and post ganglionic are both acetylcholine

30
Q

what does the M1 recpetor control?

A

exocrine glands
autonomic ganglia
affects arousal attention, REM, emotional response

31
Q

what does the M2 receptor control?

A

cholinergenic receptors in the heart, slow HR, reduce chronotropy and ionotropy

32
Q

what does the M3 receptor control?

A

everywhere else that is not in the CNS - salivary glands, bladder, blood vessels, eye

33
Q

what does the M4 receptor control?

A

CNS - direct regulatory action on K+ and Ca2+ ion channels

34
Q

what does the M5 receptor control?

A

CNS - may regulate dopamine release at terminals within the striatum

35
Q

what are nicotinic receptors?

A

CNS, autonomic PNS system and neuromuscular junction
N1 - motor neuron
N2 - autonomic nervous system, mainly in autonomic ganglia, some in CNS

36
Q

what is the sacral part of the parasympathetic NS?

A

S2,3,4
-innervates from middle of transverse colon down to anus
-innervation of genitourinary tract and sexual organs
-some cross innervation with vagus nerve

37
Q

what are common causes of autonomic dysfunction?

A

-spinal cord injury
-diabetes
-drugs which have anticholinergenic effects
-parkinsons
PANIC

37
Q

what makes up the central part of the autonomic NS?

A

the brainstem

38
Q

what are the functions of the central autonomic NS?

A

cranial nerve function- all apart from I and II originate from brainstem
conduit function - relays activity from brainstem down to rest of the body
integrative functions - normal awake/sleep cycle, consciousness, resp rate

39
Q

what happens when there is brainstem death?

A

-paralysis
-unconsciousness
-apnoea
-loss of cranial nerve function

40
Q

what is coning?

A

-when skull pressure increases
-brain pushes through foramen magnum
-herniates over thick connective membranes that separate cortex from medulla which push into cerebellum

41
Q

what are signs of coning?

A

first sign is pupil dilation
one dilated pupil - 70% mortality
two dilated pupils - nearly 100% mortality

42
Q

what is the blood vessel supply to the brainstem?

A

basalar artery, only supply.

43
Q

what is locked in syndrome?

A

if cortex is undamaged you can hear think see but can’t move

44
Q

how do alpha receptors interpret noradrenaline?

A

contracts smooth muscle (usually found in stomach and intestines)

45
Q

how do beta receptors interpret noradrenaline?

A

relax smooth muscle (eg leg muscle)

46
Q

where do sympathetic nerves generally come from?

A

thoracolumbar

47
Q
A

nervous system (8 decks)

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