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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

associated with the voluntary control of the body movement via the use of skeletal muscle. under active control

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2
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

(automatic) regulates involuntary physiological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestion. majority of nerve function (90%) in the body

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord. sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

the arrangement of neurons and supporting cells throughout the GI track to from the esophagus to the anus. It accounts for 40% of the nerves in the body.

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5
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

the brain and the spinal cord, subconscious but conscious override

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6
Q

what are some effects of the stress response?

A

-dilated pupils
-dry nose
-adrenaline release
-vasodilation
-fluid restriction

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7
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a collection of neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system.

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8
Q

what are the nerves like in the autonomic nervous system?

A

lightly myelinated or non myelinated

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9
Q

what are some examples of autonomic control?

A

-fight or flight
-digestion
-urination
-cardiovascular control
-sex and reproduction

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10
Q

what does the parasympathetic work as?

A

a brake

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10
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

central part - subconscious u conscious override
peripheral part - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

what does the sympathetic work as?

A

an accelerator

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12
Q

what are the differences between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic?

A

-anatomical origin
-location of ganglion
-post ganglionic neurotransmitters
-their functions

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13
Q

what are the similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

-two neurons
-two origins
-two neurotransmitters

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14
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in ganglionic transmission?

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight
co ordinates a stress response through adrenaline and noradrenaline

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16
Q

what are sympathomimetic drugs?

A

-agonists
-stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

what are the anatomical origins of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar origins - come from spinal cord forming the sympathetic chain found just infront of lumbar vertebrae

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18
Q

where are the ganglia located on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

near the first neuron and next to the spinal cord.

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19
Q

what are the neurotransmitters in the sympathetic NS?

A

pre ganglionic - acetylcholine
post ganglionic - noradrenaline

20
Q

when is acetylcholine used as the post ganglionic receptor in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

in sweat glands and deep muscle vessels

21
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do during a stress response?

A

-pupil dilation
-dry mouth and decongested nose (increase oxygen getting to body)
-increased HR
-more oxygen to muscles
-vasodilation to increase blood flow
-reduced GI blood supply and relax smooth muscle (don’t want to digest food)
-urinary retention
-renal constriction, more renin

22
Q

what does the alpha 1 receptor do (sympathetic)?

A

causes arteriole vasoconstriction

23
Q

what does alpha 2 receptor do(sympathetic)?

A

causes venous and coronary vasoconstriction

24
what does the beta 1 receptor do?
-it is in the heart -increases heart rate and contractility
25
what does beta 2 receptor do ?
-in the lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle and blood vessels -causes smooth muscle relaxation around the body, dilation of blood vessels, lungs pupil or relaxation of bladder and gut
26
what does the parasympathetic NS do?
slows things down, rest and digest -pupillary contriction -nasal engorgement -excess salivation to aid digestion -increased gastric secretions and blood flow -slow HR -bronchoconstriction -micturate, defecate, ejaculate
27
what are the origins of the parasympathetic NS?
craniosacral outflow -cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 -sacral S2,3,4
28
where are the ganglia for the parasympathetic NS?
near site of action
29
what are the neurotransmitters for parasympathetic?
pre and post ganglionic are both acetylcholine
30
what does the M1 recpetor control?
exocrine glands autonomic ganglia affects arousal attention, REM, emotional response
31
what does the M2 receptor control?
cholinergenic receptors in the heart, slow HR, reduce chronotropy and ionotropy
32
what does the M3 receptor control?
everywhere else that is not in the CNS - salivary glands, bladder, blood vessels, eye
33
what does the M4 receptor control?
CNS - direct regulatory action on K+ and Ca2+ ion channels
34
what does the M5 receptor control?
CNS - may regulate dopamine release at terminals within the striatum
35
what are nicotinic receptors?
CNS, autonomic PNS system and neuromuscular junction N1 - motor neuron N2 - autonomic nervous system, mainly in autonomic ganglia, some in CNS
36
what is the sacral part of the parasympathetic NS?
S2,3,4 -innervates from middle of transverse colon down to anus -innervation of genitourinary tract and sexual organs -some cross innervation with vagus nerve
37
what are common causes of autonomic dysfunction?
-spinal cord injury -diabetes -drugs which have anticholinergenic effects -parkinsons PANIC
37
what makes up the central part of the autonomic NS?
the brainstem
38
what are the functions of the central autonomic NS?
cranial nerve function- all apart from I and II originate from brainstem conduit function - relays activity from brainstem down to rest of the body integrative functions - normal awake/sleep cycle, consciousness, resp rate
39
what happens when there is brainstem death?
-paralysis -unconsciousness -apnoea -loss of cranial nerve function
40
what is coning?
-when skull pressure increases -brain pushes through foramen magnum -herniates over thick connective membranes that separate cortex from medulla which push into cerebellum
41
what are signs of coning?
first sign is pupil dilation one dilated pupil - 70% mortality two dilated pupils - nearly 100% mortality
42
what is the blood vessel supply to the brainstem?
basalar artery, only supply.
43
what is locked in syndrome?
if cortex is undamaged you can hear think see but can't move
44
how do alpha receptors interpret noradrenaline?
contracts smooth muscle (usually found in stomach and intestines)
45
how do beta receptors interpret noradrenaline?
relax smooth muscle (eg leg muscle)
46
where do sympathetic nerves generally come from?
thoracolumbar
47

nervous system (8 decks)

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